THE EFFECT OF ATATURK'S PRINCIPLES ON TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY

According to a frequently repeated definition, it is said that diplomacy, which means managing foreign relations, is the art of the possible.

The definition of "achieving the possible" may, at first glance, give the impression that diplomacy draws a very narrow border. However, besides objective criteria such as strategic location, population and labor force, natural resources, industrial and agricultural potential and level of development, military power, which constitute the powers of states; National morale, which we can call subjective elements, the determination of the people to support foreign policy, the governments that are considered strong in terms of being able to lead the society and constantly providing the support of the people, and the quality of the diplomats who conduct foreign relations come into play. On the other hand, it is also possible to use the tools of states in implementing foreign policy in accordance with international law. (such as self-defense, embargo, peaceful bloc, warm pursuit, etc.)

When all these issues are taken into account, the restrictive impression given by the definition of diplomacy I mentioned is not correct, because the conduct of foreign relations on legitimate grounds and the pursuit of national interests require a lot of effort, patience, knowledge and experience, including "calculated risk-calculated risks" if necessary, It is understood that it is a very complex “process” that requires short and long-term planning, even various studies and initiatives, including political and military alliances.

It is very useful to remember the following basic criteria in studies and initiatives related to the conduct of foreign relations. Namely; In this process, it is necessary to constantly consider the existence of a balance between the resources that constitute the power of the state and foreign policy practices. In other words, foreign policy goals and practices should always be limited to national power, except when the existence of the state is attacked.

On the other hand, maximum care should be taken to be within the framework of international law and on legitimate grounds as much as possible in this process.

The definitions that I have underlined above, which can be called the summary of the summary, in a way constitute the spirit of foreign relations. In my opinion, the place and success of the "Kuvayi Milliye Spirit" in foreign relations stems from this.

Indeed, the "National Struggle" initiated by Mustafa Kemal, the unique leader of the Kuvayi Milliye, with the cause and his comrades on May 19, 1919, and the "War of Independence", which was carried out together with its representatives in Ankara on April 23, 1920, began on July 24, 1923. The examination of the foreign relations of the newly emerging Turkish State in the 4 years between the signing phase and the end of the Lausanne Treaty confirms this opinion. On this subject, I would like to explain my view a little more with a few short quotes from my article (**) titled “Humanity's Ideal of Peace and Its Reflection in Kemalist Foreign Policy”:

In April 1920, when the Grand National Assembly of Turkey had just convened in Ankara and the most depressing days of the War of Independence, the great ATATÜRK was saying: “First of all, to work for the true happiness and hope of the nation and country by maintaining our own strength within the borders of our Nationality.. Not to invade and seize the nation in pursuit of mediocre aims... To indulge in civilized and humane treatment and reciprocal friendship from the civilized world.”

He added in December 1921: “Sirs, there is no violation of the law of an impoverished state in our foreign policy. However, we are defending our rights, our lives, our country, our honor, and we will.” “Turks are friends of all civilized nations”.

I would like to quote his words in November 1931: “Our motto will always be a direction of peace that aims at the safety of Turkey and is not against any nation.”

On the other hand, how meaningful are these words of Atatürk, whose greatness and infallibility have been proven for humanity, independence and freedom: “Look at the sun that will rise from the east now. Today, as I see the dawning of the day, I see the awakening of the Eastern Nations from afar, there are many brotherly nations that will attain their independence and freedom. Their rebirth will undoubtedly result in progress and prosperity... Colonialism and imperialism will disappear from the face of the earth, and a new era of harmony and cooperation will prevail among nations, which does not discriminate against any color, religion or race.” (March 1933)

As it can be seen, in addition to an extremely strong "Realism" like a rock, there is also a balanced "idealism" whose possibility cannot be easily and negatively discussed in the "Kuvayi Milliye Spirit", and both of them are constantly kept at the disposal of the "mind". There is a place for very dynamic entrepreneurship, boldness and agility in the "Spirit of the National Forces", which is the main engine of the National Struggle. In fact, these qualities are an inseparable part of that soul (sine qua non). However, it should be noted right away that there is no room for irrational acts or adventurism in this unique spirit.

Here, I would like to cite an interesting example of Greek adventurism, with the statements (***) of Professor Harry J. Peomiades, a Greek origin and US citizen, who gave an analysis of the Lausanne Treaty, thinking that my readers will benefit: “The Lausanne Treaty is a peace process in the Eastern Mediterranean. Although it did not initiate it immediately, it did lay the foundation to support such a peace. Lausanne has been a cornerstone in Greek-Turkish relations, showing the sincere acceptance of the new status quo and the desire to abandon the Megali-Idea ambitions forever. For the first time in modern Greek history, the ethnic borders of the Greek people and the borders of the Greek State generally coincided with one another, and the security of the State became the primary objective of Greek foreign policy, rather than the acquisition of "unsaved" parts of the nation. Like this,

Undoubtedly, one of the most important factors of this victory is the preparation of military power and its use within the tactical and strategic framework determined by Mustafa Kemal, a military genius, in successfully ending our National War of Independence.

On the other hand, the optimal use of foreign relations in the same period as a result of Mustafa Kemal's genius in the political field, within the elements and criteria we have summarized above, also holds a very valuable place next to military victory.

Turkey, both under the name of Gazi Mustafa Kemal and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, has taken care to protect and implement ATATÜRK's foreign policy measures, as in the years after which the unique leader himself determined foreign relations, as well as in the following periods as well as the general delegation. As a matter of fact, Turkish foreign policy, international law and the UN-European Council etc. protected, developed and, where possible, realized its national goals and interests, within the legal frameworks stipulated by the laws of international organizations such as In doing so, he paid the greatest attention to the preservation of the basic security of the State and the Nation. In other words, besides respecting the law, he was able to evaluate the appropriate situations in the international climate and conditions very well. The Montreux Convention (1936), which abolished the demilitarization of the Turkish straits, By defeating Hatay's accession to the Motherland (1939), which is within the national borders of the Pact, the unilateral self-determination demands of the Greeks and Greeks for the Greek community for Enosis (1954-59) at the United Nations, the Zurich and London agreements and the Turkish community's acceptance of Cyprus. He established his state (1959-60) with the status of an equal partner with the Greeks, mainly through negotiations. On the other hand, again within international law, Grivas, who stopped the Greek Cypriot community's attack on the Turkish community on Christmas 1963 by making a warning flight with jets, attacked the mujahideen in Erenköy in Cyprus with a force of 5000 after the famous President Johnson Letter (June 1964). He stopped Turkey and the Greek Cypriot administration by bombing it with jets for 3 days during the "Limited Air Operation" carried out on 7-8-9 August 1964.

Other similar examples can be given. My aim to touch on these briefly is that the practices of the Republic of Turkey in its foreign policy, which is wanted to be portrayed as completely weak, inactive and imprudent, in criticisms that can sometimes go beyond any measure and harm the national interests, are generally required, except for being "adventurous", with the legitimate foreign policy required. indicate that they are successfully using their tools.

***

Now, let's take a look at the developments in recent years. When we examine the developments that have emerged since 1985 and especially since 1989, we see that this new picture in Europe, which is based on more respect for Democracy, human rights and the application of a free market economy, is undoubtedly a very positive development. It is extremely accurate, even indispensable in our opinion, that joint efforts are made to support and ensure its success.

“However, it should be noted that such extensive changes, that is, circuits of transition, are also the cause of general instability. This instability, unreliability creates a new set of "Risks". As has been observed since the beginning of this process in Europe, ethnic rivalries and separatism struggles, which seem to have been forgotten for a long time, suddenly flared up between many states.”

“Diseases of the same origin have caused various struggles within the internal structure of some states. On the one hand, the good hopes arising from the widespread respect for democracy and human rights, on the other hand, the fragmentation that these struggles unleashed presents a contrasting picture. This situation constitutes the source of the “uncertainties” in the transfer circuit. Moreover, some states cannot prevent the misuse of the principles included in international conventions and agreements on human rights and minority rights in line with their own selfish national ideals and goals.

“As examples of this have already been seen, unfortunately, there will be more to be seen in the future. For example, it was seen that the principles and provisions of the CSCE Paris Charter were implicitly used to interfere in the internal affairs of states. In fact, existing gaps in the jurisdiction of various institutions such as the EC, the Council of Europe, NATO, WEU, CSCE are pushing the “New European Architecture”. Of these organizations, NATO and the Council of Europe are more moderate and cautious, while others tend to have more influence. Although these tendencies and disturbances are tried to be kept out of sight as much as possible in the diplomatic style in international meetings, it is appropriate to say that "visible villages do not want a guide" for people who are experts in these matters. In other words, the "International quasi order", which has essentially been inactive since 1945, has become more complex with these new legal additions. For this reason, many academics and statesmen describe this situation as "International Disorder".

“In the light of the developments embodied in all these volatile and variables, is it possible to make accurate diagnoses about the emerging New Equilibrium?”

“First, the following observation is usually made about the Super-States: The Soviet Union has been dissolved, leaving the USA as the only true Super-State.”

“This observation, striking at first glance, requires some further consideration. In our age, the "superman" qualification requires very high qualifications in economic prosperity and balance, education, scientific research and technology, production, nuclear capabilities, military power and population density to sustain it, and geographical location. Of these scales, the United States yet provides the most satisfactory answers to almost all of them. However, it does not seem to be able to overcome its long-lasting significant disturbance in the economic balance, and it is being challenged in some advanced technologies, especially by Japan and Germany. However, its undoubted superiority in nuclear weapons, which is still and in a visible future, especially in the final analysis, the most sanctioning element of military power, easily gives it this superpower quality.

"Although Germany has an "impressive appearance" with its population of 80 million and its geographical area, and its superiority with its economy and technology is obvious, its geographical area and its limitations in nuclear weapons will deprive it of the "Super" qualification for a long time. In this respect, too, Japan is similar to Germany in many respects. If we examine the EU as a whole in Europe, it will take time for the French and the British to become "Super" in every sense and in every way, together with the existing nuclear weapons technology capabilities of the French and British, although they are among the Economic Supers like Germany and Japan. and in itself it depends on many exchanges. Because, after the economic integration, it is very likely that the EU, which still consists of 15 states in political and military integration, will find or even exceed 20 states in the next 10 years, It is not a prophecy to say that this regional community, which has faced many difficulties even in its current state of 15, with French, British, German Nationalism resistances, with the addition of Italians and Spaniards, will face more problems 10 years later. The EU was perhaps more inclined to the Super that we define as the Europe of Sixes. There is another unknown before us. It is the Russian Federation. It is still a military "Super" with its population, area of ​​spread and nuclear weapons technology and existing arsenal. It is destined for this federation to encounter more internal problems, autonomy and separatism problems in the future due to the nationalities in it. However, if he uses the Western goods and financial aids promised to him quickly and effectively, It is very likely that in a few years we will encounter a very different Russian Federation. A Russian Federation, which will also be economically strong, will then have a different impact on Ukraine. The "Back Courtyard" it has sprouted after connecting 5 Turkish Republics in Central and Front Asia and Tajikistan to the CIS is sufficient to demonstrate its future intentions. The democratic identity of the parties that claimed for the last time in the Duma that the dissolution of the Soviet Union was “illegal” is very interesting.”

“If history and geography give some teachings, not only Turkey, but all of Europe has a great interest in putting a mark on the Russian Federation and following the developments very closely. The formations of the Republic of China in the next ten years will either lead to a higher super status, or what happens in Russia will be there as well.”

“As it can be understood from the following brief explanation, countries and regions in the process of being formed and formed to varying degrees in the next ten years, with the USA at the top, Germany, Japan, the EU, the Russian Federation, China, the Middle East, North Africa and generally the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. they will form. In order to ensure the healthiest process in the formation of these balances, the most effective of the existing international organizations will undoubtedly be possible with the preservation of the vitality of the “new NATO”.

Our country, Turkey, will turn into a regional power that will play an active role on its own in these new balance formations. This is enabled by its geography, population density, level of development, general economy, and its democracy and military strength, which it strengthens with its trained staff. In addition, the liquidation of the Soviet Union and the independence of the Central Asian and Caucasian Turkish Republics will give a separate “acceleration”.

“However, due to the slippery international conjuncture we have pointed out, Turkey needs to follow a very attentive and internally reinforcing attitude, taking into account the new balances tending to be formed.”

Undoubtedly, Turkey's traditional foreign policy has provided great opportunities for the economic and social development of our nation by ensuring the security of the country in the best possible way. It has also contributed to the preservation and strengthening of peace and cooperation. Since Lausanne, Republican Turkey has benefited from the blessings of peace without having to go through a military attack and fight. He realized our national causes and other important foreign interests, such as the Montreux Convention, the protection of the rights of the Hatay and Turkish Cypriot community, mostly by peaceful means. There is no need for a fundamental change in this successful policy of our country. However, Turkey has grown and developed in the last 73 years. In terms of population, it is still among the 6 largest states in Europe, including the Russian Federation. In terms of economic and social developments,

“However, by the end of the 20th century, it has to achieve great development in the fields of education, health, rapid urbanization and migration, unemployment, environment and population planning. Likewise, it has to increase its success in the economic field, especially in a more equitable distribution of income. It cannot afford to delay these developments with some variables. Likewise, it has to reach a sufficient level in nuclear energy and the defense industry very quickly.”

“Considering all these issues, I would like to point out that as an inevitable consequence of this situation, we need to create more specific “National Policies” from now on in order to protect or achieve our vital national interests. Our efforts to maximize our pluralist and participatory democracy with great desire and determination are, in our opinion, powered by the national “consensuses” that occur in our political life. This should be supported by all segments of our society. This request is clearly stated in our press, which takes the pulse of our public opinion. In our political parties, in general, I am happy to observe the same desire. When we consider this national policy aspiration primarily in terms of Security and Foreign-relations, as it is a part of our domestic stability and security, we see that especially the situation in our Southeast region, Full membership to the EC, protection of the law of our citizens working in foreign countries, assistance to the sister Turkish Republics in West and Central Asia and the Caucasus, supporting their democracy efforts, equipping our own Constitution with necessary changes, our views and interests in the formation of the New European Architecture, It has become a necessity for us to determine national policies without wasting time on the issues of ensuring Peace and Security in the Middle East permanently and bringing the Turkish Defense Industry to the required level as quickly as possible. For the determination of these policies, it would be appropriate to benefit from the extensive knowledge and experience of our universities, related institutions and parliamentarians, our high bureaucrats and their retirees (the "Think-Tanks" that are widely used in the West) in the preliminary preparations. I sincerely recommend to our Government and political parties that they be organized and that the documents and proposals they will prepare be finalized. Through the uninterrupted and conscious implementation of such prepared national policies, a complete unity will be ensured for our national interests in our country, and our foreign relations will gain a rational, effective and contemporary quality.

My statements in ( “ “ ) above are taken from the paper I gave in the “Changes in the World and New Balances” section at the “Turkey and the Turkish World in a Changing World” symposium on April 13, 1993, almost three years ago, at Hacettepe University. Today, I do not feel the need to change a line of these views. While talking about the fragmentation (fragmentation) that occurred due to ethnic and separatist reasons at that time, he said, “The examples of this will be seen more in the future, as it has already been seen.” I said. Indeed, the tragedies and inhuman attacks that have taken place in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Azerbaijan, Georgia and other places since then have confirmed our prediction.

That is why in our Parliament, in academic circles, in our media, and in our public opinion in general, references are made to the "Spirit of the National Forces" from time to time, and even the desire for our Parliament to act like the GNAT in our War of Independence is expressed. All these are the results of a sensuous desire for planned, orderly action.

Contrary to what is generally believed, the Turkish Foreign Ministry is a valuable institution that is traditionally accustomed to working with short, medium and long-term plans due to the nature of its mission. So much so that, upon the establishment of our Policy Planning unit in the Turkish Foreign Ministry after the USA in 1959, many western states (For example, the Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, etc.) established this unit in their foreign affairs after receiving information about our unit from our Foreign Ministry.

However, it should not be forgotten that the observation that “Foreign Policy is in a way an extension of domestic policy” cannot be completely excluded from action. This is true not only for our country, but for all countries to a certain extent.

Undoubtedly, when we look at it from this perspective, there are great achievements in our domestic policy that honor our country and nation. Our pluralist democracy, especially the revolutions we have realized, are the most striking proofs of this.

In fact, this success is an additional source of prestige at the international level, as we are one of the rare and most important countries governed by a pluralist and participatory modern democracy in our region.

Again, as in other countries, it is observed that there are some complaints about our domestic policy in our own country as well.

Among these complaints or criticisms, the one related to our subject is the criticism that we have not yet been able to create "National Policies" in foreign relations and in the achievement of our national interests, the most important of which is undoubtedly.

As I mentioned above, the claim that the Turkish State does not have a National Policy is not true. Of course, we have policies that have been established by the state and have become traditional on vital issues. These policies have always been inspired by the “Kuvayi Milliye Spirit”. The cornerstones of Turkish foreign relations always consist of the principles preached by ATATÜRK. However, what I still and strongly want to point out is this: Our public wants to be more “informed” in very unreliable international relations and strongly desires that we are at a level that has formed National Policies with its Government and Parliament in a unified appearance in our important foreign problems. Problems or “opportunities” that concern the main interests of our Turkey are not just a few, they are many and very up-to-date. It has the quality to have direct effects on the lives of our nation and its members in the near future. Considering these issues, both the nation and the state have great benefits in meeting these desires and wishes positively. In addition to the benefits it will provide, and perhaps as important as these, the special effect of forming "National Policies" on very important foreign issues is the special effect of the nation in preserving and increasing national unity. I hope that we have reached a stage in our nation and state life that will ensure these successes. Thus, the souls of our great patriots, who have put forward the "Spirit of the National Forces" under the most difficult conditions, will be happy again. There are great benefits for both the nation and the state in meeting these desires and wishes positively. In addition to the benefits it will provide, and perhaps as important as these, the special effect of forming "National Policies" on very important foreign issues is the special effect of the nation in preserving and increasing national unity. I hope that we have reached a stage in our nation and state life that will ensure these successes. Thus, the spirits of our great patriots, who have demonstrated the "Spirit of the National Forces" under the most difficult conditions, will be blessed again. There are great benefits for both the nation and the state in meeting these desires and wishes positively. In addition to the benefits it will provide, and perhaps as important as these, the special effect of forming "National Policies" on very important foreign issues is the special effect of the nation in preserving and increasing national unity. I hope that we have reached a stage in our nation and state life that will ensure these successes. Thus, the spirits of our great patriots, who have demonstrated the "Spirit of the National Forces" under the most difficult conditions, will be blessed again. the special influence of the nation in preserving and enhancing national unity. I hope that we have reached a stage in our nation and state life that will ensure these successes. Thus, the spirits of our great patriots, who have demonstrated the "Spirit of the National Forces" under the most difficult conditions, will be blessed again. the special influence of the nation in preserving and enhancing national unity. I hope that we have reached a stage in our nation and state life that will ensure these successes. Thus, the spirits of our great patriots, who have demonstrated the "Spirit of the National Forces" under the most difficult conditions, will be blessed again.

* * *

Dear listeners,

While talking about the part of Atatürk's great genius related to foreign relations and security issues, I would like to mention this very important issue: As it is known, societies also have a population dynamic. Generations follow each other. The younger generation becomes only rigid and unchanging or changing very slowly or preferring to avoid them. For this reason, it is said that “youth is our hope”. For these reasons, ideals that will activate the blood of the youth are also very important for these elements. Here, Mustafa Kemal showed his genius in this matter. Because he gave a unique value to idealism as well as reality in foreign relations and security. Moreover, almost all of Mustafa Kemal's statements reflecting idealism have become a prophecy, and they have all come true. Of course, this is the product of his genius.

Is it possible not to be excited by Atatürk's statement on peace and cooperation in March 1937 - even though he was an exceptionally far-sighted statesman who had seen and expressed it with certainty that the world war was coming as early as 1932?

“Today, the nations of the world have become more or less related and are busy being. In this respect, as much as he thinks about the existence and happiness of the nation he belongs to, he should also think about the peace and welfare of all the nations of the world, and should try as much as he can to the happiness of all the nations of the world, no matter how much he values ​​the happiness of his own nation. Because working for the happiness of the nations of the world means trying to ensure their own peace and happiness in another way. If there is no peace, clarity and good livelihood in the world and among the nations of the world, a nation is deprived of peace no matter what it does for itself. And he added: “It is necessary to consider the whole of humanity as a body and the nation as a limb of it. The pain at the tip of the finger of this body affects all other limbs. What should we not say to me if there is a disturbance in some part of the world? If there is such an inconvenience, we should deal with it as if it were among ourselves. No matter how far from the event, we should not deviate from this principle. This is the thought; it saves people, nations and governments from arrogance. Hodbinism, whether personal or national, should always be considered bad.”

On the other hand, as I mentioned at the beginning of my speech, how meaningful are these words of Atatürk, whose greatness and infallibility have been proven for humanity, independence and freedom:

“Look at the sun that will now rise from the Orient. Just as I see the day dawning today, I see the awakening of all Eastern nations from afar, and there are many brotherly nations that will attain their independence and freedom. Their rebirth will undoubtedly result in progress and prosperity. Despite all the difficulties and obstacles, these nations will be victorious and reach the future that awaits them. Colonialism and imperialism will disappear from the face of the earth and will be replaced by a new era of harmony and cooperation between nations that does not discriminate against any color, religion or race. It is not the President of the Republic who speaks these words to you, but only Mustafa Kemal as a member of the Turkish nation. I call this matter to your attention in particular.” (March 1933)

We will open a parenthesis here: Great Atatürk, who expressed humanity's real longing for peace and possible developments in that direction with a far-sighted and sincere idealism, took into account the conditions in which our world was living and predicted very well how the nature of international relations would continue for a long time. We would like to reemphasize the warnings of the fact that there is no such thing as his idealism, as well as his solid reality. In fact:

“War must be necessary and vital. My true opinion is this: I should not feel tormented in my conscience when I lead the nation to war. We must go to war against those who say "We will kill" and say "We will not die". But "war is a murder when the nation's life is not in danger." The great leader said: “The only way to get rid of the homeland from any internal and external danger with the least sacrifice and as soon as possible is for every citizen to respond to any mobilization invitation immediately, without losing a moment. He gives a very valuable warning to all of us and to all peace-loving nations with the words "The first distinction of Turkish patriotism is to abandon everything to defend the homeland and to join the army". On the other hand, the realistic leader who knows very well that a nation may have to fight despite all its wishes and efforts to the contrary: “War, war, Finally, the pitched battle is not just the clash of two armies facing each other. It is the clash of the nation. The field battle is a field of testing where nations collide with all their existence, their levels in the field of science and science, their morals, their morals, in short, with all their material and spiritual powers and virtues, and all their means. By saying, "The true strength and value of the nations fighting in this field are measured", he reminded in the most concise way that the nations should be prepared in the best way possible in order to protect their own existence and independence when necessary, as well as the necessity of working in peace with great sincerity. Atatürk pointed out that these preparations should not only remain in the national arena but also gain an international character with the following words: “If the war breaks out out of nowhere like a bomb explosion, Nations should not hesitate to combine their strength and national power to prevent war. The quickest and most effective measure is the establishment of an international organization that will clearly explain that a counterattack will not yield any profit. (May 21, 1938)”

As it can be seen, Atatürk stated that in foreign relations, the necessity of international solidarity, the world is changing, colonialism will disappear from the face of the earth, new brotherly countries will emerge, humanity has come to the stage of dealing with each other's problems and problems more closely, and that an organization such as the United Nations Organization, which was established in 1945, is formed. He declared the need from 1920s to 1938 and became the pioneer of them. And let's not forget that exactly 58 years have passed since 1938 and what he said has always been true.

I would like to point out one more point that I deeply regret seeing that it has been misinterpreted - or deliberately acted like this - many times and I have explained my thoughts on this matter wherever necessary. The subject, which I believe will be beneficial to my young friends, is about ATATÜRK's famous principle of “Peace at Home, Peace in the World”.

You all know and see that there are conflicts that can play an important role in maintaining and maintaining peace both in the international arena and in the national framework. One notable view among them can be summarized as follows. “Societies that prioritize freedom over equality, that is, give importance to freedom before equality; They go much further and are more successful than those who put equality first and neglect freedom.” In a way, this view is nothing but another expression of the benefit of governing societies with democracy.

Libertarian democratic system is a state that is observed to balance the social and individual benefits in the most harmonious way, ensure peace and happiness, spread social justice and encourage progress in all directions, thanks to the rigorous application of laws that come into existence with free will within the boundaries of science. is fact. In this respect, it cannot be regarded as an unrealistic thought to say that the concept of "Peace at Home" leads to democracy in its broadest sense and within freedom. On the other hand, it is also a real source of hope to think that the democratic system will one day be the most effective and freely chosen instrument for the realization of a genuine and lasting international peace.

The great Atatürk, who set the goal of democracy for the Turkish nation with the words "Republican regime means democracy model and state form": "The mainstay of freedom, equality and justice is national sovereignty" and they expressed the following unforgettable diagnosis for our nation: "The Turkish Nation" The government that is most suitable for the natural customs of the Republic is the republican government.”

According to a generally accepted definition, foreign policy is an extension of domestic policy, its "theme" in the old saying. From this point of view, just as Atatürk's goal of democracy for the Turkish Nation constituted and will constitute one of the most valuable and permanent pillars of "peace at home"; As the same “democracy understanding” and administration spreads around the world, it will undoubtedly create another of the strongest foundations of “peace in the world”.

It is fixed by the bitter experiences of history that a lasting peace could not be achieved by the pressure of an authoritarian power or power centers, instead of relying on the free and common will of the societies. In this respect, democratic Turkey has an internal structure and driving force that can provide the strongest and most permanent contribution to a lasting and just peace, whether in the UN or other international organizations.

In this connection, and with great sincerity, we would like to state that, as members of the Turkish Nation, we should evaluate and appreciate this well, not only in external matters, but also in our internal lives.

Although democracy is seen as a very difficult and complex system in a way, perhaps rightly, it is actually easier to maintain and develop it by fulfilling some basic elements. The spirit of democracy is knotted in the political will of the society, of the people constituting a society. A great passion of the human being, which can be called instinctive, is "freedom, the love of freedom". This attitude is the most valuable and most powerful spiritual treasure of democracy.

The continuation of this passion for freedom of man is closely related to the solutions of some basic economic and social problems--needs, to be more precise--as well as an internal discipline formed spontaneously in intellectual, scientific and legal terms. Indeed, in a society people say "freedom does not feed", "what is this endless turmoil, why does it not stop, not be stopped?" should not fall into such pessimism. Not allowing such a tendency to emerge is not dependent on measures or technologies to be rediscovered. To put it briefly, in a democratic environment that provides legal equality: A job that can lead a dignified life; insurance against temporary unemployment; a modest but civilized residence; civilized medical care for illness or accident; not to leave unschooled students and to provide equal opportunities in education; preventing the crowding of young people at the doors of universities and colleges, and ensuring that each has an education that fits their abilities and the planned needs of society; to ensure a speedy and effective justice; to make the bureaucracy staff to serve the public with pleasure and to bind the promotion in the bureaucracy to objective criteria that cannot be discussed; to take into account the seniority, education and degree of responsibility in the determination of salaries and wages; to maintain social justice and the general balance in social segments; It is necessary to strengthen the moral harmony between citizens with a just and effective taxation system. Likewise, in education, first of all, the main solved and pending problems of the history of the country, its geography, how and when these solutions will be realized, with democratic rights, It can be said that creating a system that focuses on teaching the balance of responsibilities and is open to thinking and discussion rather than rote learning is the basic conditions for success in this regard. It is not easy or possible to harass the individuals who are satisfied with these aspects from the democratic system, to encourage authoritarian systems, by making use of the tables created by abusing the broad freedoms of the democratic system from time to time and sometimes giving the feeling of chaos, as long as the free will of the people is respected. Because the individual, who has been able to put his life in order under the conditions we have mentioned, will see that the doors are open for him to develop all his abilities in this free environment, and he will undoubtedly realize the value and power of this system. It can be said that creating a system that includes balanced comparisons is the basic condition of success in this regard. It is not easy or possible to harass the individuals who are satisfied with these aspects from the democratic system, to encourage authoritarian systems, by making use of the tables created by abusing the broad freedoms of the democratic system from time to time and sometimes giving the feeling of chaos, as long as the free will of the people is respected. Because the individual, who has been able to put his life in order under the conditions we have mentioned, will see that the doors are open for him to develop all his abilities in this free environment, and he will undoubtedly realize the value and power of this system. It can be said that creating a system that includes balanced comparisons is the basic condition of success in this regard. It is not easy or possible to harass the individuals who are satisfied with these aspects from the democratic system, to encourage authoritarian systems, by making use of the tables created by abusing the broad freedoms of the democratic system from time to time and sometimes giving the feeling of chaos, as long as the free will of the people is respected. Because the individual, who has been able to put his life in order under the conditions we have mentioned, will see that the doors are open for him to develop all his abilities in this free environment, and he will undoubtedly realize the value and power of this system. It is not easy or possible to harass the democratic system, to encourage authoritarian systems, by exploiting the tables that are created by abusing the broad freedoms of the democratic system from time to time and that sometimes give the feeling of chaos, as long as the free will of the people is respected. Because the individual, who has been able to put his life in order under the conditions we have mentioned, will see that the doors are open for him to develop all his abilities in this free environment, and he will undoubtedly realize the value and power of this system. It is not easy or possible to harass the democratic system, to encourage authoritarian systems, by exploiting the tables that are created by abusing the broad freedoms of the democratic system from time to time and that sometimes give the feeling of chaos, as long as the free will of the people is respected. Because the individual, who has been able to put his life in order under the conditions we have mentioned, will see that the doors are open for him to develop all his abilities in this free environment, and he will undoubtedly realize the value and power of this system.

As in all societies governed by a democratic method, these basic conditions are also valid for our country. We are absolutely sure that it is imperative that we renew the unity spirit and determination that Atatürk created during the National Struggle. In our country, we can provide these basic needs to the people of our society in a normal time by joining hands as a nation and by mobilizing all our material, spiritual, scientific resources and abilities. We have no doubt that, while preaching the motto of "Peace at Home, Peace in the World", Aziz ATATÜRK also expressed his longing and truth that general peace can be realized in a world where free, basic economic and social needs are met, open to progress, enlightened and, consequently, societies that will live in peace. was bringing

* * *

These main objectives have never changed in the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey. Those who try to change or disrupt these goals, both in domestic and foreign policy, or those who cause this with their negligence, have always been disappointed.

As a matter of fact, if I need to specify a couple of examples: In the first Republican Government established on October 29, 1923, it is said on this subject as follows. “Apart from the relations of the Government of the Republic, its three basic principles consist of keeping the existence and integrity of the Republic of Turkey intact, and extending and confirming friendship, peace, and good relations as much as possible, on the basis of keeping its positive life in mind. We will exert all our strength to establish a sincere friendship with our borders and with the states with which we are signing and implementing the treaty and on the other hand and with the states with which we have not entered into relations yet. We will reciprocate greatly to the goodwill we will see.”

In 1937: This policy, which found its foundation in Atatürk's high will and guidance and charted the path to follow, will continue on the same path of peace, friendship and vigilance.

In 1961: The principle of “Peace at Home, Peace in the World” constitutes the basis of our foreign policy.

Our primary goal is to establish a permanent world order based on the principles of peace, freedom, justice and equality of rights for all nations, in accordance with the United Nations Law.

In 1973: Atatürk's principles will continue to inspire our foreign policy, which is adopted by our nation as a whole due to its national identity.

In the implementation of this policy, basic principles such as sovereignty, independence, respect for territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs will be adhered to and our national interests will always be considered. Likewise, in the arrangement of our relations, compliance with the principle of Loyalty and the Principles of Reciprocity will be meticulously observed. Our main goal in our foreign policy is the preservation of peace and security.

We can increase these examples. However, as it can be seen, the principles I mentioned above in all Republican Governments have always formed the basis of our foreign relations.

The way that the founder of our state, the Great Leader Atatürk, has drawn for us in this regard, has been tried to be applied continuously by our country, even under the most difficult conditions. The foreign policy practices of the Republican governments, which took office after the death of Great Atatürk, have undoubtedly been subjected to many just or unjustified criticisms over time, and it is natural that this is the case in democratic regimes. However, the nature of a continuous feature of Turkey in its international relations, that it always stands by the concepts of Peace and Security, is hardly discussed. Rather, the debate is whether Turkey puts too much weight on the security element in its peaceful policy. Every opinion is certainly honorable.

In conclusion, I would like to express the following: In Turkish foreign policy, our unity and solidarity, which we generally provide as a nation, around national goals has given an example of maturity to the envy of other nations. also formed. It should be our primary duty to protect this national feeling and power with jealous care and attention.

NOTE: This conference, organized by the Atatürk Research Center Presidency, was held on 23 November 1995 in the conference hall of the Turkish Language Institution.

** United Nations Turkish Association Publications, No. 8, Gift to ATATÜRK, p. 1-30. A. U. SBF Press and Broadcasting School Printing House, Ankara 1982.

*** The eastern Question: The Last Phase by Harry J. Psomiades, Thessaloniki 1968, pp. 106-109.

Retired Ambassador Haluk Bayülken

Source: ATATÜRK ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ DERGİSİ, Sayı 36, Cilt: XII, Kasım 1996