ATATÜRK and LEADERSHIP

In fact, Atatürk's leadership is indisputable. He proved this both in the various organizations he established and with his attitudes in the course of events. Atatürk's leadership was accepted by the thinkers as well as by the great statesmen. It is also a fact that the qualifications sought in scientific principles are abundant. The attitudes, behaviors and attitudes in hundreds of small and large events are clear documents that fill history. Here we will try to demonstrate this once again by giving a few examples. It doesn't take much effort to describe the leadership of that great man. He was created as a leader. It has continuously and systematically developed its leadership. Thus, he became the leader of the leaders.

As it is known, one cannot be a leader by force. Almost no one knows the tragic end of those who try to become leaders by force. For Atatürk's leadership, there is no need to list a number of conditions sought in leaders. We found it more convenient to show it in the flow of time and in the chain of events.

He is not only the leader of the Turkish National Liberation Movement. If this were so, this lightning genius, after all over Anatolia; It could not be so effective in Africa, Asia, the Far and Near East, and all over the world.

As it is known, human history is very old. In the course of history, great people who have reached our age are not few. Each of these is a peak. With some planning, he is a master. Some are great at law enforcement. Some are superior in command. Some are supreme in organization. Some of them are the peak in courage, some in state administration. Some are intellect, some are prudence. We can reproduce these. Undoubtedly, each of them are individual peaks. They can be combined as a single, double or even triple. However, Atatürk is the summit where all of them embrace and unite. Atatürk is one of the very rare people who can gather all kinds of qualities in his personality.

What Is Said Outside About Atatürk's Leadership:

“The name Atatürk reminds us of the historical achievements of one of the great people of this century, his leadership that inspired the Turkish nation, his foresighted understanding of the modern world, and his might and courage as a military leader.” one

“We in America have had great admiration from the very beginning to the progress struggle of the Turkish Nation with determination under the unyielding leadership of Kemal Atatürk.” 2"

...How I wish he could endow us with his great power and ability to solve world problems during the troubled days of the past few years,” said American General Mc. Arthur, then: “The soldier-statesman was one of the greatest leaders of our time. He gave the Turks a sense of self-confidence and endurance, which are the cornerstones of a nation's greatness.

“He is the great and genius creator of the new Turkey, who set the first magnificent example for development to his then-allied allies, abandoned by fortune and ruined by fate.”4

“The wish of the great Greek philosopher Plato: -If kings were philosophers and philosophers sat on kings' thrones...- did not come true in two thousand years of history. However, for the first time in the 20th century, we see this literally in the person of Atatürk, as Plato wanted. As a genius and a man of ideas, he dealt with the destiny of a nation, namely the Turkish Nation, and set a magnificent example to humanity with the War of Independence, which he fought with this nation, a revolution that changed the civil status of this nation, and a peace that also protected the rights of other nations.” 5

“... With the death of Atatürk, the Turkish nation is the savior, the symbol of his resurrection, the hero of his unique war for liberation, and the creator who led him in his rise; The world has lost one of the greatest people that history will ever record” 6.

“...There are actually many aspects to Atatürk. There is another aspect that is in Atatürk, not always easy to find, and not seen in every leader. Atatürk has always been a leader who is rational, forward-looking, in favor of development and in favor of a democratic order.” 7

“...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, I would like to convey my deep feelings and admiration for the great Turkish leader who fought for freedom and democracy in his country. Atatürk's life and work will continue to be a source of inspiration not only for Turkey but also for all the free nations of the world. 8

“... In this era he opened, the great man will unite Asia and Europe with the new Turkey, just like his victories, which we have followed closely and determined in world politics, and which fascinated everyone, and will create a real, human and scientific unity and bring it to the top of all kinds of happiness. This achievement is in the person of this Supreme Man.” 9

“... A leader like Atatürk who mingled with his nation, worked hard for it, suffered for it, and directed him to realize his true destiny despite many difficulties, is rare in history.” 10

“I have spoken with 15 monarchs and presidents so far. I don't remember being so crushed as tonight. There is a mystery of great spiritual power in Mustafa Kemal.” 11th

“Atatürk is unlike any of the great men seen in history. Because what he did is not something that human beings can do.”12

“Kemal Atatürk is not only one of the greatest men of this century. We in Pakistan see him as one of the greatest men of all ages. A military genius, a born leader and a great patriot, Kemal Ataturk put your country back on the path to greatness.” 13

“...will Indian Muslims still be content with their present situation even though a leader like Ataturk stands before them as a source of inspiration?” 14

“Atatürk is not only a great man of Turkish History, but also a great person. His miracle that created the new Turkey will remain as a monument that left behind centuries.” 15

“Mustafa Kemal is a folk hero, an unmatched leader, and he is devoted to progress and civilization.” 16

“Mustafa Kemal was a vigilant, right-minded, unshakably strong and determined leader, passionate for his country more than himself, with a solid character and autocratic discipline.” 17

All these are the views of foreign statesmen and generals, of whom we can count hundreds more, about Atatürk. Of course, these views are documents of his leadership. We will suffice here to give so many examples. We would like to deal with Atatürk's youth years in the following sections.

Youth Years:

Of course, our local writers, statesmen, civilian soldiers, people from all levels, and scientists also have very remarkable writings for Great Atatürk. But we would like to show some examples of events in which Atatürk accepted and registered his leadership.

Mustafa Kemal is a very close friend of the late General Ali Fuat Cebesoy. On this occasion, he also met Ali Fuat Cebesoy's father, İsmail Fazıl Pasha. Pasha finds great qualities in him. He also introduces him to his friend Osman Nizami Pasha. Former ambassador and minister, Osman Nizami Pasha, met with Mustafa Kemal for a long time. Then he said: “My son, Mustafa Kemal, you will not start life as a single staff officer like us. Your sharp mind and high ability will be very effective on the future of the country. I see in you the signs of unique talents and intelligence that the great men who came to the head of the country showed in their youth”.

Mustafa Kemal became a staff captain. Appointment is pending. He meets and talks with some of his friends. These talks are about the administration of Abdulhamid, about tyranny and the sultanate. These conversations are received courtly. He is arrested along with some of his friends. Some of his friends are released after a while. Ali Fuat Cebesoy: “Because Mustafa Kemal was the leader, he was released about ten days after us.” says 19

Mustafa Kemal was appointed to Damascus. Before going to his artillery internship, he has a meeting with his friends in Beirut. In this meeting, he said to them: “...The cause is to bring out a Turkish state first from an empire that is about to collapse.” say 20.

This great thought shines through in Atatürk's attitudes, attitudes and behaviors since 1906. For this reason, he establishes the "Homeland and Freedom Society", which he founded in Damascus, also in Thessaloniki. His friends, such as Ömer Naci, who later played a major role in the Committee of Union and Progress in that organization, accepted his leadership. They work in this revolutionary society.

He is then assigned to Thessaloniki. This further explains the idea of ​​establishing a Turkish State. Atatürk says to his friends in the Union and Progress: “The declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy cannot be a sufficient remedy. The society must become a political party. After the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy, the government should be dealt with. It is necessary to prepare for this task in advance. For this, a plan and program should be prepared immediately. Otherwise, the second Constitutional Monarchy will suffer the same fate as the first.” And he continues: “... Constitutionalism should not be based on the body of the Ottoman empire, which had become obsolete and lost its cohesion, but on the part where the Turkish majority lived. Instead of a liquidation by the enemies, that is, by the great powers, the administration of the revolution should establish a Turkish State on its own.” 21

Atatürk certainly saw that the Ottoman empire would collapse. All his fear was that the Turks would be crushed under this collapse. It seems that the defense of the entire empire fell only on the shoulders of Turkish children. Due to the nationalist movement, minorities were trying to ensure their own interests. In addition, they were looking for an opportunity to unite with neighboring and same-racial states.

However, Atatürk's reasoning in this way and his clear statement almost everywhere did not please his fellow Unionists. The main point of view for them was to ensure the Ottoman Union. It was Ottoman. However, Ottomanism is not possible due to reasons such as the nationalist movement, the separation efforts of the Christian minorities and their desire to establish a new state.

Atatürk was always talking about the idea of ​​establishing a Turkish state to his fellow members of the Union and Progress. He even drew the borders of the Turkish state he thought to establish. According to him, the borders should have been as follows: “Eastern and Western Thrace should remain with us. Edirne's northern border should be extended towards Bulgaria. Albania should be independent. Bosnia and Herzegovina should be divided fairly between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The islands close to the Anatolian coast should remain in the Turkish state, while the others should be left to Greece. Hatay - Aleppo - Mosul provinces should remain with us. Other places should have been left to the Arabs, the Turks who would stay inside should be exchanged with the minorities.” 22

Hikmet Bayur states that the Great Atatürk said many times in the conversations he made on various occasions: “If I had been in charge of this business, Rumelia would not have been lost”. Atatürk was a person of personal and civil courage who spoke openly about the points he believed in and expressed the truth recklessly wherever he was. In fact, one day, this issue is discussed in the small hall above the Yonyo Casino in Thessaloniki. For a while, the word goes to the freedom struggles in Iran. The event of Muzafferettin Shah being forced to open the parliament in Iran is mentioned. In Crete, the struggles of Venizelos for a similar cause are expressed. Ali Fethi Okyar: "Why don't we have such men?" he asks a question. At this moment, Mustafa Kemal plunged into deep thought. One of his friends said to Him, “I know what you are thinking. Why shouldn't I go out? you say, ”says she. Upon this, Mustafa Kemal said: “Yes, I think so. Why, why not a Mustafa Kemal?" says 23.

Undoubtedly, the leaders of the Union and Progress, who did not have a permanent leader and who appeared to be leaders from time to time, would not welcome this statement. They did not welcome. This situation was typical of their personal ambitions. Not only that. Jealousy and monopolization among themselves also played a role. Also, they were at least offended by the sincerity of Mustafa Kemal's always seeming to be on the side of reason and science. Especially the views of the Committee of Union and Progress in the second congress in Thessaloniki and the acceptance of these views despite all kinds of struggle created the fear that he would suddenly become a leader. As a matter of fact, the late Tevfik Rüştü Araş, who was the general secretary of the congress: “... But the De facto Chief was Mustafa Kemal because of the ideas he put forward at the Congress, the interest he garnered and the success he achieved... In this meeting, it was seen that Mustafa Kemal was a nationwide man.” It says 24.

The Second Constitutional Monarchy was declared. After a while, the March 31 rebellion begins in Istanbul. Mustafa Kemal is the Chief of Staff of the Redif Division in Thessaloniki. Division Commander Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha receives a telegram from Istanbul saying “we are all well”. He suspects it. He shows the telegram to Mustafa Kemal. He asks for your opinion. Mustafa Kemal also examines the other telegrams from Istanbul until the morning. He informs the commander of his final decision as follows: “Significant events are taking place in Istanbul. Not only the Committee of Union and Progress, which ensured the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy, but also the Constitutional Monarchy regime was in danger. We must march on Istanbul without wasting time and before the fire of rebellion surrounds us.” 25

“Talât Pasha said: “At night, Ali Fethi and Mustafa Kemal came to me. Mustafa Kemal said: - You see, the one who grabs his gun falls on the road. If the regular forces do not act, a lot of blood will be shed. Under the chain of command, immediate action must be taken.”26

This is the real leader. He is a person who can act quickly by finding the most rational and realistic solution at the most appropriate time, when everyone is inactive and does not know what to do. After all, there is another side to this. Room; Convincing both the division commander and the army commander to this high decision is the work of Mustafa Kemal. It was Mustafa Kemal who named the Army of Action. On the night of April 17-18, Mustafa Kemal arrives at the gates of Istanbul. That's when Mustafa Kemal, at a young age, gives masterpieces of leadership. These are the declarations that Atatürk wrote, published and sent to the people of Istanbul and the General Staff. The declaration he published to the people of Istanbul, in summary, is as follows:

"one. The nation has torn apart forces that have been persecuting for years. He established the Constitution. Those who were hurt revolted for the return of the past and for their interests. They resorted to all kinds of meanness. They shed blood.

2. The nation saw the Constitution being violated. The Central Army came to Istanbul to suppress and punish this despicable act.

3. The aim is to ensure legitimacy. It is to show that there is no law superior to the Constitution.

4. Persecuted people and neutral soldiers will be protected.

5. Virtuous clergy are our crown. Those who disguise themselves as clergy and try to refute and belittle the religion of the Prophet Muhammad will be handed over to the law.

6. The rights and powers of the deputies and ministers will be protected.

7. Foreigners and ambassadors will be prevented from being uneasy.” 27

As it is seen, Mustafa Kemal has already attributed everything to the nation. It recognizes no power over the Constitution. It is highly committed to the principles of legitimacy. He determines that he is with the people. As a true leader, he fulfills the demands of the operation quickly, accurately and reliably.

Especially, there is the code he has drawn for the Chief of General Staff, in which Mustafa Kemal's leader identity becomes almost majestic. It's still easy. He's not even a major, he's a senior captain. In this code, it is as if Mustafa Kemal had a position above the Chief of the General Staff. This password is as follows:

“After a long and sinister period of thirty-three years of tyranny, he made a thousand and one tricks and tricks in order to hand over our legitimate Constitutionalism, which was restored and restored with the protective enthusiasm of the entire Ottoman Nation, and finally, as if he wanted sharia, in reality With the treacherous and unscrupulous tyrants who caused a bloody military uprising against the sharia, with the soldiers of the Hassa Army, who were caught in the devilish advice of some lowly self-interested people, caused the capital and the National Assembly to be painted with red blood and stains difficult to be removed in the pure heart of the nation. The past operation of the armory soldiers brought great shame to the holy Ottoman Army, which had six hundred years of spotless honor and obedience, and this stain was cleaned with an extraordinary speed,The regular Ottoman forces leaving the 2nd and 3rd Armies, which had arrived in Yeşilköy and Çekmece, could be free to take any action to protect the Constitution from all kinds of attacks and damage from now on, to restore peace and order, to punish spies and despicable scammers, and thus, the Ottoman Army's control. In order to complete his honor, he asks his land and sea comrades in Istanbul to:He requests the following from his land and sea comrades in Istanbul:He requests the following from his land and sea comrades in Istanbul:

1. Before the 31st of March, all generals, admirals, senior officers and officers assigned to the naval and land troops and ships in Istanbul will be sworn to obey all their superiors blindly, not to interfere in political affairs, and to deal only with their military duties, without preventing their return to their troops. .

The measures to suppress the uprising to be taken by our army will not be interfered with. The deceivers and the spies will report to their officers.” 28

As can be seen, when a life-or-death situation arises for the nation, Mustafa Kemal emerges as a gifted leader. Thinker. He practices. It also gets the most beautiful and efficient result.

Examples can be given for his leadership from the Tripoli Wars and the Balkan Wars. However, we do not see any benefit in extending it further.

From the First World War to the National Struggle:

Atatürk wins great victories in the Çanakkale Wars. In the Dardanelles Wars, where he went as the commander of a division that was being established, eleven divisions commanded large forces like a cavalry brigade. In addition, he takes the command of these forces by force. After his first successes, he wants to be the commander of Arıburnu and Anafartalar. The front commander is German. Talking on the phone. Asking the situation, he said to the German commander: “We have a moment's time. If we use it well, we will achieve success. For this reason, it is necessary that all of the forces on the front be placed under my command.” German commander; "Isn't it too much?" says. Mustafa Kemal, on the other hand; Saying "it is less", he takes the command of all forces.

The leader knows very well what, where and how to use it, so he uses a moment's time with the confidence of his supreme leadership. It also achieves success with great initiative power. The command to command will come some time after he has actually commanded these 11 divisions and a cavalry brigade.

Mustafa Kemal is appointed to the east as the Commander of the 2nd Corps. Depart from Edirne with the Corps. As everywhere, his officers and soldiers admire him. In the east, the Russians took Bitlis and Muş. Mustafa Kemal becomes a general after a while. With the corps he prepared, he takes back Muş and Bitlis from the Russians. Despite the opposition of the army commander. Because He knows how to rule the situation and time. He has the power to direct events. In his art, he is an unmatched master.

Then he is assigned to the 2nd Army Command. He also served as the Commander of the 7th Army for a while. There is also a German general on the Southern Front. Turkish children spend like water on the Southern Front. Their proposals are always approved by the Commander-in-Chief. Mustafa Kemal Pasha says that the strategy and tactics of the German general are wrong and that the armies should leave the Arab lands and retreat. They don't listen. He also wrote his famous Report of September 20, 1917. This Report is the clear expression of his genius in the evaluation of events, his command of the political situation, and in the military field. Between its lines appears a magnificent painting of his leadership.

The fact that he was able to withdraw his army to Aleppo with a miraculous maneuver besides the deteriorating armies constitutes the clearest proof of his superior leadership ability. Acting on the idea that not even a single soldier can be sacrificed, Mustafa Kemal realizes that it will fall to Turkish children in the end. He does all his calculations accordingly.

The troops are finally on the Îskenderun-Belen-Dircemal line and then on the Antakya line. This line is the line accepted as the border for the Misakı Milli, which was later accepted by the Erzurum and Sivas Congresses and the Istanbul Assembly.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha now sees that an armistice is being made. He always thinks of the Turkish State in his mind. Therefore, from time to time, he recommends things to do to his close friends. As a matter of fact, to Ali Cenani Bey, who went to Gaziantep: “Make an organization. Defend yourself. I'll give you the weapon you want." says 29.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha was appointed as the Commander of the Lightning Armies. He comes to Adana. He also said to Ali Fuat Pasha, who came to Adana on 5 November: “The Sultan will now think of his own throne. From now on, the people will defend their own rights. We and the army need to help and guide him.” says 30.

In October, he received the Command of the Lightning Armies from the German general Liman Von Sanders. In this handover, in response to the German general's statement: "We were defeated... Everything is over for us," Mustafa Kemal Pasha also said: "The war may be over for our allies. But the war that concerns us, the war of our own independence, begins only now.” says 31.

The Armistice of Mudros is signed. Mustafa Kemal is spitting fire. But everyone else is happy with the truce. HE:

“... The Great Ottoman Empire agreed to surrender itself to the enemy unconditionally with this armistice. He also promised to help the enemies in the invasion of the country.

He wants to warn the Istanbul government on the armistice. A lot of correspondence takes place. In particular, he focuses on the occupation of the Taurus tunnels, the borders of Cilicia and Syria, the surrender of the forces in Syria to the Entente Army command and their disarmament. Mustafa Kemal knows what game to play. He guesses the purpose of the British efforts. He thinks they will invade Adana. The British want the Iskenderun-Aleppo road to be open to them. The Grand Viziership also seeks to instruct Mustafa Kemal Pasha on this path. During these correspondences, Mustafa Kemal Pasha finally said to the Minister of War:

“... The main aim of the British is to occupy Iskenderun. It is to force the surrender of the 7th Army by blocking the withdrawal path of the 7th Army via Iskenderun-Aleppo. I don't find it appropriate to be fooled by the gentlemanly manner of the British Delegate in the armistice. For whatever reason, I ordered my army to confront the troops that would come to Iskenderun and its environs with fire." says. And then:

“... Since I am not in a position to show the deceptive treatment, offers and behaviors of the British to be more just and kind than the British and to implement the orders that instill tolerance towards them... ” 33 gives the answer.

The impediment of his creation comes, of course, from His very high leadership ability. With a great foresight, he walks on the path he has drawn, without deviating from the facts. Atatürk always felt the greatest sadness for his country and nation because his thoughts were realized as a result of the rejection of his proposals. How can he not hear that now the British and the French are leaving Mosul on the Iraqi front; They left Iskenderun on the Palestinian front and started to invade Anatolia. He knows very well what has happened and what will happen next. For this reason, on the one hand, he insisted on the remedies and ways to strengthen the national structure, not to wear out the armed forces, to keep them intact and to hand over the destiny of the country to their own children. Actually, I think it would be better to start the National Struggle from these days.

Atatürk's Leadership in the National Struggle:

As it is known, Atatürk landed in Samsun on 19 May 1919. From this date on, we see his leadership in four periods. Of course, he is a leader in every attitude. But we find it useful to distinguish it theoretically:

First Term: The period until the Erzurum Congress.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who went to Samsun, sees the situation as follows: “The nation is tired and poor. Their weapons have been taken from the army and are being taken. The country was invaded from all sides. The power of time is helpless and unstable. The people are in oppression and uncertainty. The army has a name but no body.”34

Atatürk came to Samsun as the leader of the National Liberation Movement, and started to work by turning to both movements. The purpose of the two movements is one. The first is the liberation of the country, the second is the establishment of the Turkish State.

In order to achieve this aim: to create a national power by uniting and integrating the disorganized nation around the “Spirit of National Struggle”; It is necessary to unite the self-made resistances, piece by piece, region by region, integrate them in the same spirit of struggle and direct them towards a single goal, while accelerating these activities, on the other hand, it is necessary to form an orderly army that will have a definite result on the enemy.

Aren't all these things a true leader can accomplish? The great leader Atatürk, who is self-confident and gives confidence that they set out together, has always proven the facts as a great person who thinks, applies what he thinks, and runs with faith to his goal. This is the biggest proof of his success and great leadership. In fact, as many local and foreign statesmen and writers have said, he is "a leader above leaders".

It is for these reasons that it is thrown out with the cry of "either independence or death". It walks with the consciousness of “Misakı Milli”. For this reason, he will say, “The existence of a national council, freed from all kinds of influence and control, is very necessary in order to take into account the situation and behavior of the nation, and to express its rights and announce it to the whole world,” he will say, and “the nation will save the nation again.” 35 will be declared. In Erzurum, it will consider “making national power effective and national will dominant” as its basic principle 36. In Sivas, it will announce national unity and integrity to the world. It will also flag the “Misakı Milli” decision taken at the Congress37. In this way, the target of the war will be to reach the national borders of the Pact.

This first term leadership of Atatürk, which started from Samsun, continues until the Erzurum Congress. This period is the army inspectorate, that is, the period in uniform. In this capacity, he gives orders to military and civil authorities. It establishes relations and contacts with some of the existing military forces in a wide region and with the governors, provinces and sanjaks neighboring the borders of the inspectorate. When necessary, it can issue orders for measures.

Second Term: Delegation Period

In the Erzurum Congress, Mustafa Kemal Pasha has now returned to the nation. He was elected as the President of the Congress. He took up political office. A Representative Committee was elected for the administration of the nation at the Congress. The Head of the Delegation is Atatürk. Mustafa Kemal dominates the committee in terms of ideas and thoughts. In fact, the leader has paved the way for himself the Executive Authority with the organization of this Delegation. Because the Representative Committee can be considered as an executive organ. Warfare management can also be installed. Thus he ties the forces in the west to a reliable head. He gets approval to appoint Ali Fuat Cebesoy to the "Western Anatolian National Forces Command". thus paving the way for executive power. He also documents unique examples of leadership with his mastery of events and his mastery of bringing the greatest benefit from them to the nation.

As a matter of fact, he will easily benefit from the issue of printing the Sivas Congress. He uses this as a trump card and cuts off relations with the Istanbul Government. A government problem immediately arises. Anatolia remained without a government. Atatürk issues a circular to fill this gap, provided that it is strictly implemented. In this circular:

— State affairs will be carried out in the name of the sultan,

— Civil servants and people who do not comply with the new administration will be punished,

— Measures to ensure public order will be taken,

— The Sivas Congress trip declares that this will continue until a new government is established in Istanbul38.

With this courageous act, he provided the opportunity for the Representative Committee to carry out a kind of government duty.

The government in Istanbul falls. A new government is formed. Atatürk also meets with the representatives of this new government in Amasya. In this meeting, the Istanbul government makes its representatives accept:

— Recognition of Erzurum and Sivas Congress,

— In the decision of the assembly to convene, the nation has a say over its own destiny,

— The Istanbul government did not take the main decisions and the delegates to participate in the peace negotiations were chosen from among the authorized persons.

The Leader, who progressed to his goal step by step, solidly and safely, had a say in the management of the country with this attitude. Of course, these were all documents of His supreme leadership. Everything is kneaded in Mustafa Kemal's mind first. Holding the time needed for birth in his hand, the Leader immediately combined idea, thought and action. Thus, he was boldly moving from success to success, quickly and safely.

Third Term of Leadership: Parliament

The last Ottoman Assembly, convened in Istanbul on January 12, 1920, accepted the “Misakı Milli”. Istanbul is occupied on 16 March. Parliament is dissolved. Atatürk decides to convene an extraordinary assembly in Ankara. Elections are made. On April 23, 1920, the Assembly convenes in Ankara. One day later, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected as the Speaker of the Assembly. He immediately proposes to the Assembly to form a government. It lists its principles as follows:

"We have to form a government.

— It is not appropriate to recognize a head of government or to reveal a deputy sultan by declaring that it is temporary.

The basic principle is to accept that the national will in the parliament directly seizes the destiny of the country.

— There is no power above the Turkish Grand National Assembly.

— The Grand National Assembly of Turkey has gathered legislative and executive powers.

The offer is accepted. A council of ministers consisting of eleven ministers is formed. The Chief of the General Staff is also included in the council of ministers. Atatürk published a circular, declaring that "...the power of command and command is in the moral personality of the Assembly". The president of the Turkish Grand National Assembly is also the president of the Council of Ministers. Atatürk closely monitors the military operation until he receives the authority of the commander-in-chief. It gives the necessary directions. Makes recommendations as needed. However, it is not directly concerned with the management of the war. With the authorization of the Commander-in-Chief, the responsibility for the management of the operation passes to Atatürk.

Fourth Commander-in-Chief of his Leadership:  On 5 August 1921, the authority of the Commander-in-Chief is given by the Assembly. It establishes its headquarters in Ankara. After the Turkish Grand National Assembly is established, legislative and executive power is also convened in the Grand National Assembly. The head of the parliament is Atatürk. He is also the head of the council of ministers. The General Staff is also in the council of ministers. In this way, full coordination and cooperation is achieved. This proves his truly superior leadership qualities.

CONCLUSION:

1. Atatürk is a legitimist. He wants everything to be carried out in favor of the law. It does not push the boundaries of legitimacy. He masterfully overcomes obstacles with the talent of his unique and superior leadership. It draws the boundaries of possibility and impossibility with extreme care, accuracy and precision.

2. It is his great genius and superior leadership that was able to gather a nation around a single idea. By creating the spirit of the National Struggle, it provided a national power.

3. It is a fact that Atatürk constantly and systematically nurtured and developed his inaccessible qualities and talents in line with his own goals. In this way, he possessed the highest and most distinguished abilities that a person could have. This is a major factor that commemorates his leadership.

4. Atatürk always knew how to evaluate the conditions he was in in an accurate, fast, safe, balanced and efficient manner with unfailing accuracy. He used these evaluations in the best way, at the most appropriate moment, in the right place and for the benefit of the nation, keeping time in his hand. This is a clear proof of how skillfully he uses his leadership talent.

5. He is extremely brave. This courage is as personal as it is civil. Writers who say that people are brave and free in proportion to their knowledge seem to have been inspired by Mustafa Kemal. In fact, this is what befits a great leader.

6. It never compromises its purpose, it is strict in terms of its principles. He is extremely loyal to his friendships. He is so humane as to be unmatched. A shameful shyness determines his humility. He is tolerant. He has forward thinking. He knows people very well. He knows very well who, where and how to assign tasks.

7. He knows the people very well. He loves people and trusts them. He accepts his wishes not directly, but as the wishes of the people, with fine mastery. In reality, the pulse of the people is in his hands every minute. He puts forward many issues by feeling the pulse and making offers. Negotiate and agree. He has a gifted mind and a regular thought system. He uses reason and logic very well. It has great persuasive power.

8. Atatürk is one of the people with great foresight, rarely seen in history. He foresees events. events, time; He is a master at turning people towards his goal by directing the flow of history in this event and time. It is with this great talent that he brought his nation to unity and solidarity in the "National Struggle"; He also achieved victory by becoming aware of it. This is the great talent for a leader that demonstrates the power to give confidence.

9. The occupation of İzmir made Mustafa Kemal Pasha take the first step towards the establishment of a government based on the national will. And this; In the Erzurum Congress, he explained it as "making the National Forces the cause and the will to dominate". He evaluated the occupation of Istanbul very well and, seeing the closing of the parliament, documented the sultan's lack of freedom of movement. He opened the Grand National Assembly in Ankara and established the government.

10. Atatürk had a very broad and deep culture. He was the person who best understood the institutions and culture of the West. He was a great "idea" man who knew how to walk by evaluating them better than anyone else. With this understanding, he believed that walking with the people would be successful by adopting every attitude to the people first. He walked towards his goal by integrating with the people.

11. Great Atatürk is a great hero who fought for his nation. He is strong enough to direct the facts to his ideal and purpose, so that the moment he wants to dominate them, he will dominate. He is nationalist. Nationalism is not a racist nationalism. It is always gathering, unifying, integrating and uplifting. When he speaks of the Turkish Nation, it is possible to feel the highest human feeling and the most subtle love in his heart and eyes. It respects all humanity and all nations.

12. He considers going to the source of everything as a need. He never immerses himself in the flow of events. On the contrary, he turns them in his favor. It also makes the most of it.

13. The works of the Great Atatürk are an imposing reality sculpted in front of humanity. That's why the facade of thought that adorns his vast genius and supreme leadership is always overlooked, fully and correctly.

14th Army Atatürk is the symbol of our becoming a nation.

15. Even during the years of the National Struggle, he saw that the creation of a state with solid foundations could be possible with a rational, scientific and nationalist education, and he showed it with faith. For this reason, he claimed the need for a change in the mental structure of the Turkish people.

16. At that time, even though he knew that religion was a valid currency even in the life and death problem of a nation, he did not think for a moment to take advantage of it. However, from the very beginning, he regarded the commitment to the principle of secularism as the greatest strength. His secularization of political and social institutions has always been exploited by those with bad intentions. This point is still worth considering today.

17. Our opinion is that: The whole world of humanity will not be able to surpass Great Atatürk for centuries. He is the truest guide in life. That is, the aim is Contemporary civilization and to rise above it. All this means science, it means movement, it means civilization. Progressing always and without stopping means dynamism. In that case, our duty, and the world, is to embrace and glorify Atatürk's thoughts.

18. I can't help but point out one more thing. The father of Kemalist Ideology, Great Atatürk, as the leader of the national liberation, laid the biggest and strongest foundation stone of Kemalism in his Commander-in-Chief.

Commander-in-Chief has been given for a certain period of time. It must be extended at the expiry of the deadline. Atatürk wants it extended. The Assembly, on the other hand, decides not to extend it. Ataturk takes the podium. “...I could not leave my army against the enemy without a head. I didn't quit. I cannot and will not let go.” Thus, the Commander-in-Chief is once again extended. Let's dwell on this for a moment. Atatürk has never left legitimacy in any period of his life. It has not strayed from democratic rules. Then there are those who say, what is this?

This is the attitude of a nation above legitimacy and democratic rules at the moment of life and death. This attitude is the cornerstone of Kemalist ideology. Attitudes like these always shine through in Atatürk's military and state life. Thus, Kemalist Ideology did not come about suddenly, but in the course of time, in the chain of events, by being kneaded with the characteristics of the Turk. For this reason, it differs from other ideologies. Opposite them is a magnificent sight. As the world's last source of hope, it is lived, kept alive, must be kept alive.

1 John F. Kennedy, US President, November 10, 1963.

2 HS Truman, President of the United States, 1948.

3 Mac Arthur, U.S. General, 1946-1963.

4 Adolf Hitler, President of Germany, 1938.

5 Prof. Dr. Herbert Melzig, Atatürk Said, 1942.

6 Eduard Schaefer, Kemal Ataturk, 1939.

7 Prof. Dr. Candido Mendes, 1981.

8 Cheng-Kay-Shek, President of Nationalist China, 10 November 1963.

9 Prof. C'hi Tzu-Hsi, Historian of China, 1933.

10 Eduard Herriot, Former French Prime Minister, 29 October 1933.

11 Sir Charles Towshend, British General 1922.

12 Egyptian El - Ehram Newspaper 1938.

13 Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 10 November 1963.

14 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, President of Pakistan 1954.

15 General Metaxas, Prime Minister of Greece 1938.

16 Thomas A. Vaidis, Kemal Ataturk 1967.

17 Toynbee, British Historian.

18 Ali Fuat Cebesoy, My Classmate Atatürk p. 37.

19 Ali Fuat Cebesoy, My Classmate Atatürk p. 78.

20 Ali Fuat Cebesoy, My Classmate Atatürk p. 114.

21 Ali Fuat Cebesoy, My Classmate Atatürk, p. 114.

22 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya, p. 48-49.

23 Ali Fuat Cebesoy, My Classmate Atatürk, p. 120, 122.

24 Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Atatürk's Life and Work, p. 43.

25 Celal Bayar, I Wrote Too, p. 212, 213.

26 Talat Pasha, Hometown Memories, Cemal Kutay, p. 574.

27 War Academies, Atatürk's Geopolitical and Strategic Views, p. 77, 281, 282.

28 War Academies, Atatürk's Geopolitical and Strategic Views, p. 283, 284.

29 War Academies, Atatürk's Geopolitical and Strategic Views, p. 108.

30 Utkan Kocaturk, Ataturk and the History of the Republic of Turkey Chronology, p. 3.

31 Lord Kinross, Atatürk, The Rebirth of a Nation, p. moment.

32 Falih Rıfkı Atay, What Atatürk Told Me, p. 69.

33 Atatürk's Circular, Telegram and Declarations, p. 19, 20.

34 Ataturk, Speech, p. 1, 30.

35 Kemal Ataturk, Speech, p. 30, 32.

36 Kemal Ataturk, Speech, p. 61, 66.

37 Kemal Ataturk, Speech, p. 88, 90.

38 War Academies, Atatürk's Geopolitical and Strategic Views, p. 139.

Bekir Tünay

Source: ATATÜRK ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ DERGİSİ, Sayı 2, Cilt: I, Mart 1985