Press at the Beginning of the National Struggle and Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Relations with the Press

It is clear that the press has a great importance in the life of the society and in raising the awareness of the society. Knowing this fact very well, Mustafa Kemal Pasha gave great importance to the press from the beginning of the National Struggle, and endeavored to create a national press throughout the War of Independence. We all know the great role played by the Turkish press in the victory of the National War. In this article, we will discuss the situation of the press in Istanbul and Anatolia, especially at the beginning of the National Struggle, and the relations of Mustafa Kemal Pasha with the press as the leader of the National Struggle.

It is impossible to see and accept the entire Turkish Press as an independent and national press during the National War of Independence. In these years, censorship caused great harm to the Turkish press. It should be considered normal that a press, which is under the control of the occupying forces, cannot act independently. After the Greeks occupied Izmir on May 15, 1919, they did not forget to censor the press. Five days after the occupation, the editorial space in the Ahenk newspaper dated 20 May 1919 was empty. It seemed commonplace to find such gaps not only on the first pages of newspapers, but also on other pages. The Commander of the Izmir Occupation Forces used Izmir newspapers as the newspaper of his own country; He used force and pressure for the prohibitions and restrictions to take place in the Izmir press. With the order of the Izmir Occupation Forces Commander published in Izmir newspapers on May 25, 1919, freedom of meeting and travel was limited. Accordingly, the Turks were deprived of their right to assemble, conference, give speeches and travel without permission. ] In a country where people are not free, it is naturally impossible for the press to be free and national. However, the bewilderment and demoralization aroused by the occupation soon disappeared; The Kuva-yı Milliye organization developed in Western Anatolia; The people understood that their salvation would not come from Istanbul, but from Anatolia, and organizations began everywhere. However, the Izmir press could not give full information about the Kuva-yı Milliye due to censorship. However, the learned information was either not written in Turkish newspapers at all due to censorship, or it could be written to the extent that it was published in Greek newspapers and presented as if it were a banditry event. Ahenk newspaper, dated 18 June 1919, had to publish the action of the Kuva-yı Milliye movement in Denizli, which was transmitted from the Kozmos newspaper in Denizli, by showing it as bullying; On June 19, 1919, the Greek Military Statement was published in the newspaper Ahenk, and the Nationalist Forces in Bergama were depicted as bandits, and in Ahenk on June 25, they were shown as gangs. 2 It can be seen that despite all its good intentions and efforts, the Izmir edition is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence. Due to censorship, it was either not written in Turkish newspapers at all, or it could be written to the extent that it was published in Greek newspapers and portrayed as an act of banditry. Ahenk newspaper, dated 18 June 1919, had to publish the action of the Kuva-yı Milliye movement in Denizli, which was transmitted from the Kozmos newspaper in Denizli, by showing it as bullying; On June 19, 1919, the Greek Military Statement was published in the newspaper Ahenk, and the Nationalist Forces in Bergama were depicted as bandits, and in Ahenk on June 25, they were shown as gangs. 2 It can be seen that despite all its good intentions and efforts, the Izmir edition is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence. Due to censorship, it was either not written in Turkish newspapers at all, or it could be written to the extent that it was published in Greek newspapers and portrayed as an act of banditry. Ahenk newspaper, dated 18 June 1919, had to publish the action of the Kuva-yı Milliye movement in Denizli, which was transmitted from the Kozmos newspaper in Denizli, by showing it as bullying; On June 19, 1919, the Greek Military Declaration was published in the newspaper Ahenk, and the Nationalist Forces in Bergama were depicted as bandits, and in Ahenk on June 25, they were shown as gangs. 2 It can be seen that despite all its good intentions and efforts, the Izmir edition is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence. He had to publish the action of the Kuva-yı Milliye movement in Denizli, which was transmitted from the Kozmos newspaper in Denizli, by showing it as bullying; On June 19, 1919, the Greek Military Statement was published in the newspaper Ahenk, and the Nationalist Forces in Bergama were depicted as bandits, and in Ahenk on June 25, they were shown as gangs. 2 It can be seen that despite all its good intentions and efforts, the Izmir edition is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence. He had to publish the action of the Kuva-yı Milliye movement in Denizli, which was transmitted from the Kozmos newspaper in Denizli, by showing it as bullying; On June 19, 1919, the Greek Military Statement was published in the newspaper Ahenk, and the Nationalist Forces in Bergama were depicted as bandits, and in Ahenk on June 25, they were shown as gangs. 2 It can be seen that despite all its good intentions and efforts, the Izmir edition is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence. Despite its efforts, İzmir Press is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence. Despite its efforts, İzmir Press is not independent. Therefore, it could not have the expected effect on the National War of Independence.

Istanbul and Anatolian Press

The Istanbul press, on the other hand, was not independent as it was under the pressure and censorship of the Sultan before the occupation of Istanbul, and of both the Sultan and the occupation forces after the occupation of Istanbul on March 20, 1920. For this reason, many pages of Istanbul newspapers were published blank. For example, the issue of Tasvir-i Efkar, dated 23 May 1919 and numbered 2732, was published almost blankly. 2727, dated 16 May 1919; 2729, dated May 17, 1919; The copies dated May 25, 1919 and numbered 2735 were published almost in this way. We can give the same examples for the Payitaht newspaper. Until 1921, the Payitaht newspaper and other Istanbul newspapers did not mention the Kuva-yı Milliye, the National War of Independence and Mustafa Kemal Pasha. The fact that they started to talk from this date is the I. and II. İnönü Victories,

Payitaht newspaper gets its news from Greek and European agencies; While giving information about the cabinet in Istanbul, he would also publish the words of the cabinet members. Payitaht quoted very little from the Anatolian press and devoted its weight to Istanbul life. Although occasionally he had a section called "Letters from the Country" on the second and third pages and gave news from places such as Çankırı and Samsun, these news were not news about the National War of Independence. Moreover, Payitaht was promoting Ankara as a ruin to its readers. The fact that the newspaper was published in Istanbul and that it was pro-Sultan and the censorship of the occupation forces must have had a great impact on all this. Because, until the occupation (occupation of Istanbul), some of the Istanbul press covered the rallies and speeches that protested the occupation of Izmir. Many pages of the Payitaht newspaper were published in blank columns due to censorship. 3 Essentially, on August 5, 1920, shortly after the occupation of Istanbul on March 16, 1920, Vahdettin intensified the censorship with a decree.4 We will revisit the issue of censorship. However, let's see how the Turkish Press was organized before. The first newspapers published in Turkey were not in Turkish. The first Turkish newspaper, "Takvim-i Vakayi", was published by the State in 1831, with the initiative of the Sultan. This newspaper also carried out the task of announcing internal and external events to the public. Meanwhile, foreign newspapers were also published. The first Turkish newspaper published by the Turks, “Tercüman-ı Ahval” was published in 1860. In 1908, II. On the day of the news about the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy, journalists They gathered in a building opposite Sirkeci Train Station and prepared the establishment of an association called “Matbuat-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti” with a 42-article statute. But the Journalists Congress could not convene. Therefore, a call from Germany in 1917 could not be made. In order to respond to such calls, the Ottoman Press Society was established in 1917.5 However, this society was more concerned with the problems of the Istanbul press, which we discussed. Istanbul, which was the center where journalists and intellectuals of the country gathered, did not warm to Ankara with almost all its classes. 6 5 However, this society was more concerned with the problems of the Istanbul press, which we talked about. Istanbul, which was the center where journalists and intellectuals of the country gathered, did not warm to Ankara with almost all its classes. 6 5 However, this society was more concerned with the problems of the Istanbul press, which we talked about. Istanbul, which was the center where journalists and intellectuals of the country gathered, did not warm to Ankara with almost all its classes. 6

It is useful to point out this fact right away. In fact, a significant part of the Istanbul press is on the side of the National War of Independence. However, due to censorship, Istanbul newspapers could not publish articles on Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Kuva-yı Milliye, National Struggle and Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1919 and 1921. While they were issuing the fatwa that Mustafa Kemal was a rebel, it was because of the censorship that they could not publish the opposite fatwa. Many pages of the newspapers were left blank due to censorship. It is very meaningful that the Istanbul press does not replace the censored articles and publishes with empty columns. The Anatolian press, which provided all kinds of information about the National War of Independence, free from the danger of censorship, and contributed to the War, and the Istanbul press, which left its pages blank, were united emotionally. The Istanbul press had the opportunity to give information about the National War of Independence only in 1921. Eastern Victory in June 1920; İnönü I in January 1921, II in March. İnönü, at the end of the Sakarya Victories in September 1921, the Sultan and the Istanbul Government believed that the national forces would succeed. After these dates, the Istanbul press was allowed to give information about the fronts, the national forces, the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and Mustafa Kemal. In this, the concerns of the Istanbul Government to secure their own interests for the future with the idea of ​​reaching an agreement with the Turkish Grand National Assembly must come to the fore. It should be remembered that the press gained its independence, albeit a little, due to the decreasing censorship pressure, and found the opportunity to broadcast, albeit partially, on the National War of Independence. Substantially, We also know that a significant part of the Istanbul press fought for the abolition of censorship before and during the War of National Independence. The Minbar, which was published in Istanbul, had been writing against censorship from the very beginning. The Treaty of Mudros was signed on October 30, 1918, at the time when this newspaper was going to be published. In his article titled “Hürriyet ve Press” in the issue of November 2, 1918, he stated that freedom of the press is an indivisible part of both constitutionalism and civilization, provided that it does not touch the high interests of the homeland; that the press cannot be put under government pressure; there is a need for progress in the field of pencil and idea; however, it is explained that the high interests of the country should not be touched. In the issue dated 7 November 1918, there was a thought among intellectuals and non-intellectuals that there was no public opinion in the Ottomans, however, it is explained with examples that where there are people, there will be public opinion as well. 8 In its issue of 16 December 1918, under the heading "Censorship", it states that the only newspaper that favors censorship is "Tasvir-i Efkar", which is not well received. However, it is seen that a large part of this article titled "Censorship" was censored and published empty. Censorship is also mentioned in the issue of 9 Minbar dated December 20, 1918. In the article, it is said that the press is an arena open to discussion on general issues, and in order to take advantage of it, “Government censorship, especially the censorship that continues in its current form, should absolutely be lifted. We do not envisage any objection to abolishing censorship, so as not to hesitate to submit to the court the pens that write articles that oppose the morality of the country. In this regard, we consider the application of the Press Society to the Assembly regarding censorship as a very beneficial attempt for the benefit of our country.” The situation changed as the press worked on the abolition of censorship, published blank pages, and the possibility of the National War of Independence becoming more likely to succeed. Mustafa Kemal's photographs began to be published not only in the Istanbul press but also in the world press as of September 1921. This is the result of the success of the National War of Independence. Dergah newspaper, in its article titled “Photographs of Mustafa Kemal Pasha” in its issue dated September 20, 1921, states that “the photographs of Mustafa Kemal Pasha were completed by the press of the whole world” and makes a beautiful description of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. 11 Despite all that we have told, censorship continues in Istanbul. However, there are now expressions such as “one line or three lines are censored” in the text. The entire text is not touched and the pages are no longer blank. The special correspondent of the "Petit Parisien" newspaper published in Paris, who went to Bursa, sent the meeting with Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha by telegram to the newspaper and gave the full text to the Renin newspaper for publication. The article was published on September 2, 1922, but some parts of the Renin were left blank due to censorship. For example, when asked to M. Kemal Pasha, “Will you recognize the Sultan in your hunt for Istanbul?” The answer to the question: “One-line censorship. In the 20th century, it is not possible to take our freedom from us and restore and establish the dominance of others.” In this way, the article continues with censorship.12

We cannot say for the Anatolian press the issues about censorship that we said for the Istanbul and Izmir press. The majority of the Anatolian press is on the side of the National War of Independence. The Anatolian press sees the facts more closely, since it is far from Istanbul and the Sultan's authority, not under occupation, closer to the events, and because there are people fighting for national independence around it; Since there was no danger of censorship, he sincerely supported and sided with the national independence movement. However, we cannot say this for all Anatolian press. There were only a few newspapers that served foreign interests. Among the newspapers supporting the National War of Independence are İzmir'e Doğru, Doğru Söz (Balıkesir), Yeni Adana, Açıksöz (Kastamonu), Babalık, Öğüt (Konya), Küçük Magazine (Diyarbakır), Albayrak (Erzurum), Emel (Amasya), Ahali (Edirne), Istikbal (Trabzon), Isik (Giresun), Ahali (Samsun), Anatolia (Antalya), Satvet-i Milliye (Elazig), Amal-i Milliye (Maraş), Turkoglu, Dertli (Bolu), Green Home There were newspapers such as (Artvin), İrade-i Milliye (Sivas), and Hâkimiyet-i Milliye (Ankara). Except for İrade-i Milliye and Hâkimiyet-i Milliye, the publications and changes made by other Anatolian newspapers were carefully monitored and evaluated by Mustafa Kemal Pasha. For example, the name of the newspaper Öğüt, which has supported the National War of Independence from the very beginning in Konya, was changed to “Advice”. With the occupation of Konya by the Italians, the newspaper Öğüt was closed not at the request of the owner of the newspaper, but because it was suspended by the government, but it started to be published in the same printing house with the name "Advice", which means the same as Öğüt, for the National War of Independence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, On November 11, 1920, he explained all these issues in the wire he sent to the Sivas Delegation Center of the Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti, and announced that Advice for the same purposes had now been issued, replacing Öğüt, who supported the National War of Independence.13 The owners of some newspapers were also Mustafa Kemal. They were asking for help. For example, Tarık Mümtaz, the owner of Ümit Magazine, who repeated his previous application, asked for help in the "supply of life and development" of the magazine and paid his respects to those gathered around Mustafa Kemal with "anxieties of the homeland". 14 Mustafa Kemal was also interested in İrade-i Milliye newspaper when he went to Ankara. We will discuss this later. now he announced that Advice was being issued for the same purposes.13 The owners of some newspapers were also asking for help from Mustafa Kemal. For example, Tarık Mümtaz, the owner of Ümit Magazine, who repeated his previous application, asked for help in the "supply of life and development" of the magazine and paid his respects to those gathered around Mustafa Kemal with "anxieties of the homeland". 14 Mustafa Kemal was also interested in İrade-i Milliye newspaper when he went to Ankara. We will discuss this later. now he announced that Advice was being issued for the same purposes.13 The owners of some newspapers were also asking for help from Mustafa Kemal. For example, Tarık Mümtaz, the owner of Ümit Magazine, who repeated his previous application, asked for help in the "supply of life and development" of the magazine and paid his respects to those gathered around Mustafa Kemal with "anxieties of the homeland". 14 Mustafa Kemal was also interested in İrade-i Milliye newspaper when he went to Ankara. We will discuss this later. He was also interested in İrade-i Milliye newspaper when he went to Ankara. We will discuss this later. He was also interested in İrade-i Milliye newspaper when he went to Ankara. We will discuss this later.

The Istanbul press could not be considered independent like the Anatolian press. On the other hand, one or two Istanbul newspapers, such as Tasvir-i Efkar, which had a large staff, did not hesitate to give information about the National War of Independence. Tasvir-i Efkar, unlike other newspapers, made an important breakthrough by sending its reporter Ruşen Eşrefi and photographer Kenan Bey to those who waged the National War in Sivas and gained a superior position over other newspapers. While Ruşen Eşref gave information about the situation of the places he went, on the other hand, he made interviews with Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Rauf and Refet Bey, which were published in the Tasvir-i Efkar newspaper. Moreover, they were carried out in 1919, just at the beginning of the National War. Also, in Tasvir-i Efkar, The series of articles about the occupation of İzmir, under the title of “İzmir Kuva-yı Milliyesi” for almost three months, revealing the works of the Kuva-yı Milliye, some of which were censored, were published on the third page of the newspaper in October and December 1919. 15

Tasvir-i Efkar, while giving information about the Kuva-yı Milliye, did not hesitate to publish the declarations of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Tasvir-i Efkar, which published Mustafa Kemal Pasha's “An Important Declaration” on 20 October 1919, had already made a successful breakthrough with this work at that time. This declaration was published without censorship, as it did not affect the rights of the Sultan and the Government.

Tasvir-i Efkar, according to the conditions of the time, was the first newspaper to publish information about the Kuva-yı Milliye, interviews with Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the leading leaders of the Kuva-yı Milliye, moreover, pictures of Mustafa Kemal and his friends since 1919. However, considering the place and conditions in which the newspaper was published, it is concluded that it would not be right to expect anything more from Tasvir-i Efkar. The pressure of censorship is heavy. As a matter of fact, the statement in Tasvir-i Efkar on October 26, 1919, “Since it is not possible to train the rehearsals of Ruşen Eşref's telegrams for censorship, we will include them in our copy tomorrow” shows that these articles were not published until they passed the censorship. 17 In Tasvir-i Efkar, “Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Telegram to the New Cabinet” on October 8, 1919,18 Again Mustafa Kemal's “Declaration to the Nation” on October 9, 19 On October 12, 1919, partly censored, again, Mustafa Kemal Pasha's article titled “Around the Unity of Unity”,20 Mustafa Kemal Pasha's article titled “A Document of Opposition to the Sanadid (Presidents) Union” on 15 October,21 the aforementioned statement dated 20 October, censored publication of the interview of the newspaper writer with Mustafa Kemal Pasha on 26 October 1919, 22 “An Important Telegram of the National Congress to the National Forces” on 3 November,23 “Mustafa Kemal Pasha's Reply to the National Congress on 10 November 1919” ”,24 also, “Anatolian Patriotic Cheer” on 20 December 1919,25 and “Anatolia Cheer” on 21 December 1919,26 are seen as articles that can reveal the National War of Independence within the framework of censorship in Tasvir-i Efkar. Meanwhile, rallies and speeches in Istanbul protesting the occupation of Izmir were also published in Tasvir-i Efkar.

The pages of many issues of İkdam, one of the Istanbul newspapers, were left blank due to censorship. 27 However, in many issues of İkdam, extensive information was given about the occupation of İzmir and rallies protesting the occupation of İzmir were published. 28 However, since İkdam was excluded from the newspapers Vakit, Zaman, İstiklâl, Tercüman, Tasvir-i Efkar, Aksam, and İleri affiliated to the Press Society, that is, it was not affiliated with the society, it did not attend the meetings of this society. However, he was reflecting the meetings of the Press Society and while doing so, he wrote that people who were not related to journalism also attended these meetings. 29

Yakup Kadri (Karaosmanoğlu), the editor-in-chief of İkdam, tried to reflect the difficult situation of Istanbul and Anatolia in his writings. Yakup Kadri summarizes the national movement in Anatolia and its causes in his article titled “The Inside of Anatolia” on December 1, 1920, and on December 15, 1920, in his article under the title of “Ridiculous Istanbul”, “Poor Istanbul, poor great and magnificent city, Who would have thought that one day you would be in this state?” 30, he expresses the bad situation of Istanbul and the pain of occupation.

Yakup Kadri, as if confirming our thoughts, expresses why the Istanbul press could not fully fulfill its duty during the National War of Independence. Yakup Kadri, in his article titled “Istanbul Press” dated January 31, 1921, was upset with the reproach of the Anadolu Agency, saying that "Istanbul newspapers, which have been doing their duty very badly since the Armistice, should not now try to act as the superfluous lawyer of Anatolia for no reason." He tried to prove that this thought was unfair with his own evidence. In his article, Yakup Kadri (Karaosmanoğlu), apart from one or two newspapers of the Istanbul press, He claims that Istanbul newspapers have "done nothing but trying to represent and convey the will of the nation, despite all kinds of obstacles, since the day the flag of independence began to wave on the steep hills there". What is meant here is the success of the Anatolian movement. In fact, most Istanbul newspapers were unfamiliar with the National War of Independence at the outset. İkdam also did not give information on Erzurum and Sivas on the National War of Independence, but gave information on this road since 1920. However, as Yakup Kadri stated, it would be appropriate to keep in mind the dangers of Istanbul newspapers. Yakup Kadri (Karaosmanoğlu) has a great share of truth in his ideas on this subject. Yakup Kadri wrote in the same article: “Despite all kinds of obstacles and all kinds of dangers, we say: I wonder if our friends in Anatolia were so interested in our own disasters that they knew and felt how severe these obstacles and how terrible these dangers were? Are they aware of what we have suffered and passed between two seas and two fires for years? Coffee tables were set up here on the path of our innocent citizens, and the doors of the dungeon were closed on our young people with faith and conscience. There is no end, this was the first stop of the roads of exile and exile; thinking heads were cut off here; The Turkish nation sacrificed their most distinguished sons from here... Those who are fortunate enough to speak up on the high plateaus and steep rocks of Anatolia can only look with pity on those in this pit.” He claims that the Istanbul press is still vigorous, claiming that they have endured all these bad situations now to write about them. , He says that the reason for this is the “cautious, heavy-handed behavior and calmness of the Istanbul press that has never left since the first day of the Armistice”. “Although we are not one of those who vehemently deny that at times and in some places, daring plays a huge role, we do not remember the times when this was possible in Istanbul,” he 31 advocates for the Istanbul press.

Yakup Kadri will arrive in Ankara on July 2, 1921,32 but most of his interview with Mustafa Kemal Pasha on July 17, 1921 will be censored. For example: “Mustafa Kemal Pasha did not ask me about any news about Istanbul. (Censored) It is supposed that he was born here, grew up here and is connected here with all the roots of his existence. (Censored) (Censored). 33 As can be seen, censorship continues to operate and dominate in Istanbul, even at the peak of success.

When we look at the publications of most Istanbul newspapers, we see that they do not include the events of Erzurum and Sivas. Although the newspaper Hukuk-u Beşer was publishing articles on the subject of national sovereignty, these articles could not be counted as articles in line with Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Ankara. For example, the national sovereignty mentioned in the article titled “Yine Hâkimiyet-i Milliye” in Hukuk-u Beşer on February 8, 1919 is very different from the sovereignty-i milliye claimed by Atatürk. Law-u Beşer asserted that innovations should be made within the Ottoman Empire: “It shows that as the modern, humane, civilized currents and organizations leave the organization, they have gone towards decline and decline.” 34 What is mentioned here is not the sovereignty of the people, but the making of regulations in the Ottoman country.

The censorship pressure on the Istanbul press causes these newspapers to publish news focusing on Istanbul and the cabinet, but at the same time, the fact that the newspapers and journalists are far from Anatolia and that they cannot send special correspondents to Anatolia is also related. Therefore, they cannot give proper information about Anatolia. But no doubt, the weight of the censorship, the pressure and fear of the Sultan, the Government and the occupation forces were more effective.

The Importance Mustafa Kemal Pasha Attached to the Press in the War of Independence

While explaining the issues to be taken into account by the press that sided with the National War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal Pasha also wanted articles to be written that would attract the European public opinion to their side, not to be offended, and to respect the rights and laws of nations, as well as the protection of national rights and law. As a matter of fact, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in the telegram he sent to Sivas province and the Central Committee on March 4, 1920, while attracting the attention of the press, asked the members of the press to avoid actions that would offend them in resolving the international problems of the nations of the world. 35

Mustafa Kemal Pasha always resorted to ways of establishing relations with foreign journalists and giving statements to them in order to inform the outside world of the National War of Independence. Upon the recommendation of Halide Edip Adıvar, a reporter for the American Chicago Daily News named Louis E. Browne - actually Mr. Crane's special envoy had arrived. Mustafa Kemal told this journalist that a delegation from the American Congress should be sent to examine Turkey and prepare a report on the real situation, so that the information about the Sivas Congress was conveyed to the American Senate with the signature of himself and a few of his friends. 36 Thus, he announced the existence of the National War of Independence to the whole world through the press.

Mustafa Kemal kept in constant contact with the American reporter, ensuring that he received the full news and examined the events regularly and on the spot. The American journalist Browne thus determined on the spot that Mustafa Kemal could establish a connection with the whole of Anatolia, and in the telegram he sent to the Chicago Daily News, “I have never seen a telegraph network that works as well as I saw tonight. Within half an hour, Erzurum, Erzincan, Mosul, Diyarbakir, Samsun, Trabzon, Ankara, Malatya, Harput, Konya and Bursa were all in communication with each other. Mustafa Kemal was sitting at one end of the wire that reached all these places, and at the other end were the military commanders of these cities and towns and the civil administrators. 37 The reasons for the victory of the National War of Independence are beautifully conveyed to America from the language of this author.

Mustafa Kemal believed that the newspapers, which were known as the supporters of the Kuva-yı Milliye, should avoid mistakes that would harm the high interests of the country, he emphasized this himself and expressed the measures to ensure this. Mustafa Kemal Pasha embroiders a very good policy in this regard and thus reveals the policy to be followed by the Turkish nation. According to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the Turkish press should not be caught up in the currents that would cause the Turkish nation to be against the European public opinion; On the subject of defense of law, it is necessary that the Allied Powers, based on our continuous law and our self-sacrifice, should be the subject of the disputes among themselves by the Turkish press, not within the framework of their own views, but by transferring them from the foreign press. In addition, the press, Syria, Arabia, Iraq, Elviye-i Selâse (Kars, Ardahan, Artvin), Caucasia, Azerbaijan, While examining the Georgian issues, he will not offend them, but will state that we are in favor of their law and independence. Defending the borders and nationalities of Muslims in Asia by avoiding the propaganda of Turanism and pan-Islamism by stating that the world public opinion and nations are on the side of rights and justice, being against imperialism in Europe, taking Wilson's Principles as a basis for defending the law of every nation, nationalizing Anatolia and Rumelia. It will not resort to ways such as proving that it is determined to preserve its existence, being vigilant in matters of religion, using a language in favor of Islam, and blaming any of the European states. 38 Indeed, the Turkish press followed this path in the national independence struggle. If the provincial press is subjected to a good scrutiny, Mustafa Kemal's directives are fulfilled, It will be revealed that the European events were broadcast in the Turkish press in a way that would not offend the European press and European nations, Wilson's Principles were frequently featured, they acted together for national unity, and they gave the public the idea that the homeland would definitely be saved. In addition, the Anatolian press tried to give daily news about the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the declarations, circulars and declarations of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the official war communiqués, the laws adopted by the Assembly, and the information about the National War of Independence, and succeeded in this. However, Istanbul newspapers such as Peyam-ı Sabah and Alemdar did not act in the same way. As Mustafa Kemal Pasha stated, because of their publications in this way, the people of Istanbul welcome these two newspapers with anger and hatred. Other media also deny them. 39 Mustafa Kemal also sent the press summaries published in the European and Turkish press to the necessary places.

Press members in Istanbul, who did not see the situation in Istanbul as appropriate and supported the National War of Independence, were also fleeing from Istanbul and going to Ankara. Among them, we can count the likes of Ahmet Emin (Yalman), Halide Edip (Adıvar), Ruşen Eşref, Yunus Nadi. Halide Edip set out from Istanbul, spent the night of 23-24 March in Gebze, and after a while reached Ankara. , however, he had informed the 15th Corps Command with a password that he had encountered financial difficulties.41 As we will explain later, Ruşen Eşref had come to Sivas before.

It is common for Mustafa Kemal Pasha to attach great importance to the press and members of the press in the period before and after the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Because the propaganda of foreign newspapers that made harmful publications on the one hand, the rebels supporting the Sultan and the Caliph on the one hand, and the minorities on the other hand, could mislead the public. Moreover, it was known that some of the deputies who went to the electoral districts from Istanbul worked with Damat Ferit Pasha to carry out secret provocations against the National Forces and they tended to deceive the public. and the press would undoubtedly have a lot of work to absorb it, to illuminate it. Mustafa Kemal Pasha knew this very well and was using every means to benefit from the Turkish press. Especially, on April 23, 1920, when the Turkish Grand National Assembly was opened, the press became the most effective force that could explain its works and the integration of the Assembly and the Turkish nation, the rights and aims of the Turkish nation to the Turkish public in the best way and announce the decisions of the Assembly to the outside world.

It is an inevitable fact that harmful publications mislead the public. Therefore, Mustafa Kemal Pasha made great efforts to prevent the articles against the National War of Independence from reaching the public. However, it was also the case that they sometimes entered some cities. Kazım Karabekir Pasha was also moving in the same direction. As a matter of fact, on the wire he sent to the Commander of the Third Division on January 4, 1920, it was seen in the agency dated 20 December 1919 that 12,000 of the 15,000 officers in the Ottoman Army would be discharged. He stated that they are trying to spread discontent and confusion in the country with bad publications that can be.”43 Kazım Karabekir Pasha, as it can be seen, takes measures to protect himself from the harms of external influences. On 28/29 January 1920,

Mustafa Kemal Pasha was also working to destroy the movements of the domestic and foreign press that would harm the National War of Independence. On April 16, 1920, in the wire code he sent to the Edirne First Corps Command, he requested that the information and intelligence published in Bulgarian newspapers contrary to the national movement be appropriately denied, and that the Bulgarian press be provided with accurate information about the national movement and broadcast. Upon the Central Office's transmission of the articles that disrupt the national unity in Istanbul to Ankara, Mustafa Kemal Pasha sent a telegram to all the central committees in Anatolia, on January 8, 1920, to be careful against such articles and that these articles are harmful to the national view. He wanted the Society to be notified by themselves.46 In April 1920, however, In the telegram he sent to the Erzurum Province, he wanted the Kurdish newspaper Zeyn, which served the enemy's purposes and was published in Istanbul, not to be brought into Erzurum. 47 There are many examples of Mustafa Kemal's sensitivity on this issue. 48 We also come across newspapers that report harmful publications on this subject. For example, on 29 October 1919, Mustafa Kemal, on the wire he sent to the editor-in-chief of the Ileri newspaper in Istanbul, Celâl Nuri, congratulated him for his efforts to obtain real information about the country, and for the definitive refutation of the lies that Alemdar newspaper dared to publish about the situation in Ankara. 49 As it can be seen, Mustafa Kemal, both in the outer world and in the inner world,

Communications of Mustafa Kemal Pasha with Istanbul Press Society

Mustafa Kemal Pasha knows how important the Istanbul press is in terms of the National War of Independence, and he suffers from not being able to fully announce the national cause to the Turkish and world public opinion through the press, even at the beginning of the National War of Independence; He wanted to benefit from the Istanbul press in order to overcome this problem and thus to inform Istanbul, Anatolia and the world about the events.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on the wire he sent to the Istanbul Press Society on July 10, 1919, before the Erzurum Congress convened, informed the Press Committee, which had to inform and inform the public, because the homeland and the nation were in danger, and asked for the help of the Istanbul newspapers. 50 In the meantime, Captain Ali Şevket, who drew a wire from Istanbul to Mustafa Kemal on 13 October 1919 during the National War of Independence, stated that the Istanbul public wanted Mustafa Kemal to come to Istanbul, and that all the Istanbul press, except one newspaper, "Hareket-i He stated that he was in favor of "Milliye" and that there were statements accusing Harekât-ı Milliye of "unionism" in the translated part of Peyam-ı Sabah in an English newspaper published in Istanbul. 51 As it is understood from this, the Istanbul press is in favor of the national movement. But, As can be understood from the complaints coming from Anatolia, movements that complement the national unity are prevented by the Istanbul press. In fact, members of the press in Istanbul tend to support Mustafa Kemal and the National War of Independence, but are unable to speak of them because of the censorship and repression in Istanbul. On the other hand, the members of the Istanbul press, in their writings to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, state that they support the National War of Independence, but complain that they cannot publish the articles sent to them for reasons beyond their control. Mustafa Kemal also had to emphasize that the claim in the Peyam-ı Sabah newspaper, one of the Istanbul newspapers, that the national movements were "unionists" was wrong. Since Mustafa Kemal knew the hostility towards “İttihat ve Terakki” in the country, With a declaration stating that the national movement had nothing to do with the Committee of Union and Progress, he announced to the Istanbul press that such news were false. Velit Bey on behalf of Tasvir-i Efkar, Rauf Bey, the author of Istiklal, Ahmet Saki Bey on the name of Ileri, Ahmet Emin on the name of Vakit, they said that they received this declaration in the wire they sent to the Anatolian and Rumelia Defense of Anatolian and Rumelia Defense Committee Committee of Representatives, but that the first part of the declaration was in such a way as to anger some states unnecessarily, and therefore could not pass censorship; Explaining that the other parts were not written in a way that would have a psychological effect and there were deficiencies and mistakes that would change the meaning during the making of this telegram, they explained that it was not appropriate to be published in the Istanbul press, and they asked what was the opinion of the Representative Committee on this issue. 52 Indeed, both the Allied Powers and the Sultan had a great impact on the press in the form of censorship, and many articles could not be published due to censorship. Therefore, it should be considered normal for the Istanbul press to state that they cannot print this statement due to censorship.

Members of the Istanbul press constantly announce to Mustafa Kemal Pasha that they are on the way to the National War of Independence. The writer of the newspaper Istiklal, on the wire he sent to Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Sivas on October 6, 1919, stated that the most sacred and urgent condition for the salvation of the homeland was the establishment of national unity. He wanted it to be sent to Tasvir-i Efkar, Vakit, Akşam, Türk Dünyası and Istiklal newspapers. 53 Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on the wire he sent to Ileri Newspaper writer Celâl Nuri Bey on 8 October 1919, expressed the harms of censorship, that the necessary submissions were submitted to the new cabinet about censorship, that the result is awaited, they also stated that clear instructions and illuminations should be made so that they can carry out more extensive studies on this subject. In the same article, they stated that they had been trying to do their national duty despite the severe pressure of the Ferit Pasha Government for seven months, but they could not write the necessary articles due to censorship. 56 In his reply, Mustafa Kemal Pasha had already declared that the Representative Committee on 7/8 October 1919 had been given. 57 However, the declaration could not be published. He had already announced that the Representative Committee on 7/8 October 1919 had been given. 57 However, the declaration could not be published. He had already announced that the Representative Committee on 7/8 October 1919 had been given. 57 However, the declaration could not be published.

The Istanbul press wanted Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his representatives to meet and to get the necessary information from the first source. Press Society President Velit (Ebüzziya) asked Mustafa Kemal Pasha on the wire he took on October 11, 1919, that the delegation of journalists and other people wanted to meet with Mustafa Kemal Pasha in a place close to both sides, whether this would be possible. . 58 Mustafa Kemal Pasha found this request appropriate and requested that the names of the people in the delegation to be established be announced first. 59

As seen during and after the Congress in Sivas, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was as interested, perhaps more, with the Istanbul press as he was with the Anatolian press, and established relations with them. Mustafa Kemal Pasha wanted to announce the idea of ​​national independence and the movements made up to that time, the decisions of the Congress and its aims in Istanbul and to gain the support of the people of Istanbul. He could only announce these thoughts and the aims of the National War of Independence to Istanbul through the press. That's why he had a relationship with the Istanbul press while he was still in Sivas. These relations of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as we have just seen, were with the newspapers Tasvir-i Efkar, Advanced, Vakit, İfham, Türk Dünyası, Akşam, and İstiklal in Istanbul. In this regard, Velit (Ebüzziya) and Ahmet Saki played an important role as the President and assistant of the Press Society. Mustafa Kemal Pasha asked Velit Bey whether the publication and article of the Congress resolutions of the İrade-i Milliye newspaper published in Sivas had been seen, and he requested that the communiqués of the Representative Committee be given to the Matbuat-ı Osmaniye. The President of the Ottoman Press Society, Velit Bey, in his reply, reminded that these issues would be given to the Ottoman Press Society tomorrow, on October 9, 1919, and that they would act with the instructions and illuminations of Mustafa Kemal. Velit Bey also stated that he would pray for success by thanking him for winning his praise while he was with him in Arıburnu. 60 He requested that the communiqués of the Representative Committee be given to the Ottoman Press. The President of the Ottoman Press Society, Velit Bey, in his reply, reminded that these issues would be given to the Ottoman Press Society tomorrow, on October 9, 1919, and that they would act with the instructions and illuminations of Mustafa Kemal. Velit Bey also stated that he would pray for success by thanking him for winning his praise while he was with him in Arıburnu. 60 He requested that the communiqués of the Representative Committee be given to the Ottoman Press. The President of the Ottoman Press Society, Velit Bey, in his reply, reminded that these issues would be given to the Ottoman Press Society tomorrow, on October 9, 1919, and that they would act with the instructions and illuminations of Mustafa Kemal. Velit Bey also stated that he would pray for success by thanking him for winning his praise while he was with him in Arıburnu. 60 He also stated that he would pray for success by expressing his thanks for winning his praise. 60 He also stated that he would pray for success by expressing his thanks for winning his praise. 60

The statement by the Istanbul Press Society that the Istanbul press will act in line with the instructions and ideas of Mustafa Kemal Pasha is important in terms of showing that Mustafa Kemal's National Independence Movement is now also adopted by the Istanbul press.

It can be seen that Velit Bey, the President of the Ottoman Press Society, is with Mustafa Kemal. The fact that Mustafa Kemal has always been successful in his services to the state, the acceleration and success of the organizations in the National Independence Movement, the inability of the Istanbul Government to do nothing and the recognition of Mustafa Kemal Pasha as a real hero and leader in the eyes of the public have a great role in this. Mustafa Kemal thanked Tasvir-i Efkar, İleri, Vakit, Türk Dünyası, İlham, Akşam, İstiklâl newspapers on 8 October 1919, through the President of the Ottoman Press Society, Velit Bey, and the Vice President Ahmet Saki Bey, for their articles to strengthen the national unity. 61

Mustafa Kemal seems to have entered into a close cooperation with the Istanbul press. Explaining to the Istanbul press that working together to establish national unity will yield good results, Mustafa Kemal asks them for help. That's why he wanted to meet with the members of the press and find out who was in the meeting delegation. Velit Bey explained the members of the delegation on the wire he sent to Mustafa Kemal on October 15, 1919: Rauf Ahmet, the Editor-in-Chief of Istiklal, Ferit, the former Minister of Public Works, one of the owners of İfnam, Nebizade Hamdi, the Editor-in-Chief of the Turkish World, Ahmet Saki, the Editor-in-Chief of Tasvir-i Efkar, Velit. Mr., former Medical Director Adnan, Halit, a member of the Ottoman Bank Assembly, Miralay İsmet, former Undersecretary of the Ministry of War, Selâhaddin, Director of Educational Education, Yusuf Akçura. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Since he declared that a delegate from the Representative Committee would come to Istanbul soon, Velit Bey also explained that these people would meet with this delegate and explain in detail what they think and know. 62 On the same day, Mustafa Kemal asked the former Undersecretary of the Ministry of War, Miralay İsmet Bey, who was in the delegation and had a military background, as well as asking the members of this delegation to find out what their aims were. 63 Mustafa Kemal Pasha had heard that the journalists in Istanbul had formed a national group, and the information he requested from Ismet Bey was based on this reason. In the meantime, the declaration sent by Mustafa Kemal to the Istanbul newspapers for publication could not be published. The reason was censored. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on October 16, 1919, on the wire he sent to the editors of the Istanbul newspapers, that this delay was appropriate, but he requested that similar publications should be made and that this should be worked on. 64 It is seen that Mustafa Kemal Pasha also appreciates the distress of the Istanbul press.

Meeting of Mustafa Kemal Pasha with Journalist Ruşen Eşref Bey

There was a lot of correspondence between Velit (Ebüzziya), the President of the Istanbul Press Society and the Editor-in-Chief of Tasvir-i Efkar, and Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, about the meeting between the members of the press and Mustafa Kemal Pasha. We have previously discussed the requests of some people in Istanbul and members of the press to meet. Mustafa Kemal Pasha wrote that one of their delegates would come to Istanbul and that he could be contacted. This person was Black Skill. This person, reported by Ruşen Eşref from Sivas on October 21, 1919 and also disclosed in the Tasvir-i Efkar dated October 22, 1919, is Miralay Kara Vasıf Bey, who was appointed as the Istanbul delegate of the Anatolian and Rumelia Defense of the Law Society. had set out to move to Istanbul via Amasya. However, he will meet with Salih Pasha in Amasya, since he is in the Kuva-yı Milliye delegation,

Tasvir-i Efkar Editor-in-Chief Velit Bey, on the wire he sent to Mustafa Kemal Pasha on 8 October 1919, in order to get more detailed information and instructions about the situation of the National War of Independence and to give more detailed information about the situation in Istanbul, Tasvir-i Efkar newspaper He had requested that Ruşen Eşref (Ünaydın) set off quickly, on behalf of him, and to be informed by which route he could come to Sivas. 65

Mustafa Kemal Pasha replied to Velit Bey's telegram about Rusen Eşref Bey on the same day, on 8 October 1919, and announced that the shortest route to Sivas was the Istanbul-Ulukışla railway and Ulukışla-Kayseri-Sivas highway; Ruşen Eşrefi announced that he had invited him four months ago (June), that it was possible for him to arrive without any trouble because of the season, since the rains had not started yet. In , Velit Bey announced to Mustafa Kemal Pasha that Ruşen Eşrefin and photographer Kenan Bey would set off tomorrow (on Friday) on October 10, 1919, and would follow the path they were told.67

After Mustafa Kemal Pasha received the telegram dated October 9, 1919, on the same day he sent telegrams to the officials of the places on the road to take the necessary precautions and provide convenience. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, to the Deputy Governor of Eskişehir, to the Eskişehir Defense of Law Center, to Refet Bey, a member of the Representative Committee in Konya, and to the Central Committee of Konya, to Mümtaz Bey, the 11th Division Commander of Niğde, to the Governor of Kayseri Emrullah Bey Ruşen Eşref and photographer Kenan Bey, who will come on behalf of Velit Bey's newspaper, the President of the Istanbul Press Society, announced that they will depart from Istanbul on October 10, that all kinds of facilities will be shown to them and that they will come to Sivas. 68 Thereupon, these officials provided the necessary facilities to Ruşen Eşref and Kenan Bey.

On 11 October 1919, Eskişehir Deputy Governor Sabri Bey stated in the wire he sent to Sivas that Ruşen Eşref was a guest in Eskişehir and that they would go to Sivas via Ulukışla after staying in Konya for two days. In -i Efkar, there are five telegrams dated 12 October on the subjects of economics, education and transportation of Ruşen Eşref, who was sent specially to examine the Anatolian events, his impressions of Izmit, the situation in Eskişehir, an important statement of the Deputy Governor. 70

On the other hand, the Head of the Central Committee of Konya, Ömer Bey, told Mustafa Kemal Pasha on the wire he made on October 14, that Ruşen Eşref and photographer Kenan Bey had arrived in Konya and that there was a delay because the car could not be found, and the Head of the Recruitment Department of the 15th Division. 71 Ruşen Eşref also wrote in Tasvir-i Efkar in his article on October 14, 1919, saying, “Konya is a green oasis in the middle of the yellow plain where the train can run for thirty hours and cannot consume it, and how comforting it is to see it after such a flat and secluded land.” or his arrival. 72 Ruşen Eşref, in his telegram dated 20 October 1919, said, “We have arrived in Kayseri. We have seen all of the places we are available for on our route," he says. 73 Ruşen Eşref gives information about Kayseri, just as he did in the news he gave on 14 October in Konya. Ruşen Eşref must have sent these telegrams when he was leaving Kayseri on October 20. Because he arrived in Sivas on the evening of 20 October. In his article published in Tasvir-i Efkar, “On the twentieth Sunday afternoon of the teşrîn-i first (October 1919) of 1335, it was clear from the lands, clothes, faces and dwellings that we entered Sivas province after we passed Sultanhanı in the afternoon... says. Ruşen Eşref had invited the editor-in-chief of the Memleket newspaper in Sivas to his house for dinner, while Ruşen Eşref wanted to visit Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Rauf Bey first. However, he learned that they were not in Sivas, but in Amasya with Bekir Sami Bey to meet with Salih Pasha, so he could not meet with Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Sivas. Meanwhile, we learn that there is a great reputation for Istanbul newspapers in Sivas. The members of the Representative Committee snatched the newspapers from Istanbul in a minute or two. For this reason, Ruşen Eşref Bey says, “The best gifts to be brought from Istanbul to the Representative Committee in Sivas are newspapers”. 75 Ruşen Eşref sent information about Sıvas to the newspaper by wire on October 21; In these, he announced that Kara Vasıf Bey, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Bekir Sami Bey and Rauf Bey went to Amasya, and that Kara Vasıf Bey would go to Istanbul as a Kuva-yı Milliye delegate.76

Kara Vasıf Bey, who will go to Istanbul as the delegate of the Kuva-yı Milliye, which Mustafa Kemal Pasha constantly mentions, will establish relations with journalists and other people and give information. However, Vasıf Bey will move to Istanbul after the Amasya Protocol (20-22 October 1919).

Ruşen Eşref Bey had to move to Amasya immediately because Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his delegation went to Amasya. However, he could not catch up with the Amasya talks. However, Ruşen Eşref sent the text of Amasya speeches to Istanbul. The wire he drew on October 25, 1919, could not be published on October 26, as Tasvir-i Efkâra reached it at a late hour and could not be sent to censorship.77 In his telegram dated October 24, Rusen Eşref states that Salih Pasha left Samsun to return to Istanbul. . Ruşen Eşref, who stated that a big meeting was held in Amasya on Friday, 24 October, also explains that the Kuva-yı Milliye Delegation in Amasya will return to Sivas on Sunday, 26 October. 78

Ruşen Eşref, on October 26, 1919, on the wire from Amasya, stated that the people of Erzurum sent a special delegation to Mustafa Kemal Pasha four months ago and invited him to become a fellow countryman, and he accepted this, and now the people of Erzurum sent a special delegation to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, 19 In October 1919, he draws a new wire and states that they nominated him for the national assembly. Mustafa Kemal Pasha also stated that Amasya, Sivas sanjaks and others made the same offer, but he accepted this last offer because he was a citizen of Erzurum and thanked the people of Erzurum. 78 Ruşen Eşref Bey, who returned to Istanbul on 21 November, published his interviews with Mustafa Kemal and Rauf Bey on 23 October 1919. 79

Anadolu Agency

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who knew the importance of the press very well, emphasized this issue and on the other hand, before the Grand National Assembly was opened, he was trying to reach and expand the military and national organizations to the neighborhoods and villages. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in the letter he sent to the Erzurum Delegation Center on 27 November 1919, stated that the national organization was to be established in the neighborhoods and villages in a hurry according to the necessity of the time. 80 When the national organization was established and developed in neighborhoods and villages, information about the National War of Independence would inevitably be conveyed to these places. For this, first the “trade-i Milliye” newspapers in Sivas and then the “Hâkimiyet-i Milliye” newspapers in Ankara would be published, and the Anadolu Agency and the General Directorate of Press would be established in Ankara.

After the official and forced occupation of Istanbul and its official institutions and the arms of the nation with the Armistice, protest telegrams were sent to the relevant states and rallies were started. However, news was difficult to receive and distribute, as there was not yet an independent Turkish agency. Telegrams to be sent to the Presidency of the Parliament could be sent to Istanbul. However, others were distributed to other countries through its Italian representative in Antalya. On March 16/17, 1920, on the wire he sent to the 20th Division Command, Mustafa Kemal announced that it would be better to send the telegrams to foreign countries in this way and their copies to be sent to Ankara.81 Again, on March 31, 1920, Mustafa Kemal Pasha ordered Refet On the wire drawn to Mr. He wanted the communiqués to be spread through the Italian Agency so that the atrocities committed by the Armenians in Adana and its surroundings would be announced to the civilized world. 82

In the meantime, since the important cities of the country are under occupation, it was considered to take measures regarding communication. In this respect, it would be appropriate to have the post and telegraph centers under control, since Istanbul was under occupation, communication with Istanbul was not possible. This situation could cause some confusion and disorder. Therefore, the Commander of the 12th Corps, Fahreddin Bey, felt obliged to explain to the 41st Division Command on March 21, 1920 what the measures to be taken were and that the post offices should be controlled. 83

The most important work done in the field of news is undoubtedly the establishment of Anadolu Agency. It was not enough just to publish a newspaper. It was also important to provide the necessary news for them. For this reason, Anadolu Agency was established in Ankara by the works of Halide Edip and Yunus Nadi Bey and by the order of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Anadolu Agency, which started to work on April 6, 1920 with a small number of personnel and a duplicator, rendered important services during the War of National Independence by keeping the nation vigilant against provocations and lies that would endanger national unity, and by timely reporting the decisions and actions that would ensure national independence.

It is known that Mustafa Kemal Pasha supervised the news compiled in order to prevent news that would conflict with the national policy followed during the National War of Independence, the Agency worked to inform the public correctly, and conveyed the decisions taken by the Grand National Assembly to the public. Thus, the integration of the people and the government was also ensured.

Some time after Anadolu Agency was established, news from the Agency's communiqués, which could be considered important for Istanbul, was printed and reproduced in Bursa. On April 21, 1920, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on the wire he sent to the Deputy Commander of the 14th Corps of Bursa, explained these issues and announced that sufficient copies of the published news would be sent to the Agency known in Istanbul. 84 However, despite all the work done, there were problems. Established intelligence branches were also new. Although the General Directorate of Press Intelligence tried to convey news abroad, it was also stated by the deputies that it was not sufficient in this regard. It is notable that Anadolu Agency complains that it is far from raising public awareness, as it is not enough about the news. Agency aside, Even Hâkimiyet-i Milliye newspaper could not be sent to all parts of the country.85 There were complaints from all over the country and Ankara was making an effort to reach the news everywhere. We will see this better when we examine the Hakimiyet-i Milliye.

Efforts have been made continuously to ensure that Anadolu Agency can reach everywhere as quickly as possible. For example, Deputy Chief of the Military Staff Fevzi Pasha ordered the Intelligence Officer Şevki in İnebolu to deliver the news of Anadolu Agency, which was reported by the General Directorate of Press and Intelligence by daily telegram, to Istanbul and immediately circulate it everywhere, preventing delays. 86 These articles show that the intelligence organization has entered into a fast working tempo.

We know that Anadolu Agency also sends a lot of news to the Sivas Women's Association. Anadolu Agency gave extensive information about the occupation of Istanbul on March 16, 1920, and the closure of the Parliament on April 11, 1920, provided that the new elections were opened within four months. On April 14, 1921, Anadolu Agency told the Sivas Anatolian Women's Association on the wire that the deputies who survived the occupation of Istanbul and some deputies in the Assembly were arrested, came here to participate in the “Meclis-i Fevkâlade-i Milliye” to be gathered in Ankara. and that they are coming”, that every attempt has been made to break out unrest in Istanbul, and that the Istanbul press is also under pressure. They ask all patriots and all dignitaries in Istanbul to always keep this pressure in mind for the nation.” He also reports that they established a civil service with the name of “Kuva-yı Tenkiliye Commandership” and that Yusuf Rasih, one of Ferit Pasha's relatives, has been appointed as its commander for now. 87 He reports that the British established a civil service in Istanbul under the name of “kuva-yı tenkiliye command” and that Yusuf Rasih, one of Ferit Pasha's relatives, was appointed as the commander for now. 87 He reports that the British established a civil service in Istanbul with the name of “kuva-yı tenkiliye command” and that Yusuf Rasih, one of Ferit Pasha's relatives, was appointed as the commander for now. 87

Anadolu Agency, on 21/22 April 1920, in another wire to the Sivas Women's Association, discusses how the Entente Powers will share Turkey; After going to government officials like Damat Ferit, who would act in line with his own goals, among Anatolian Muslims "after creating a situation that would tear each other apart and weakening the National Forces completely", it was decided by the Ferit Pasha Government to regulate the peace conditions previously accepted, however, Europe and America It is stated that the public opinion is in their favor and that the national detachments have achieved success around Izmir. In another wire shot on the same dates, the British used force "to issue some fatwas against the National Organization" through the government under their control in Istanbul, occupied Istanbul and held the Sultan prisoner,

It can be seen that the work of Anadolu Agency in April 1920 is still going well, given the scarce resources available.

Despite all the difficulties, Anadolu Agency was organized with hard work during the period after its establishment and continued its efforts not to leave Anatolia unannounced. General Directorate of Press and Intelligence was established on June 7, 1920 by Yunus Nadi, with the bill proposed by Saruhan deputy Mustafa Necati. He emphasized the importance of Anadolu Agency and the press at length in the “Committee of Counsel Layiha” prepared under the chairmanship of . The General Directorate of Press and Intelligence, which aims to defend our legal law against the European press, to constantly examine and monitor the world press, to ensure the intellectual and psychological unity required by the time, to publish newspapers in various parts of Anatolia in order to keep the public opinion alive, in order to fulfill its obligations, It has been able to fulfill this task better by benefiting from the fact that Anadolu Agency, whose establishment and work we have discussed before, is connected to it. Intelligence affairs were handled through intelligence branches in the country and representations abroad, and their management was done by Anadolu Agency, Hakimiyet-i Milliye and other newspapers, brochures and books. The General Directorate of Press and Intelligence was subordinated to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the law enacted on 25 December 1920. Before this directorate was established, its duties were carried out by the Irshad Committee. While the 1921 Budget was being discussed, the Directorate of Press and Intelligence caused harsh criticism. It was alleged that the intelligence task was not fulfilled. Among the critics was Ahmet Ağaoğlu, who had served as this director for a while. Reviews, It was gathered at the points that the directive to be given to the Directorate of Press and Intelligence should be the National Pact, that the Directorate did not attempt to publish books or newspapers, that its language was not the language of the people, and that propaganda organizations were not established at home or abroad. 89

In 1923, Zekeriya Sertel was appointed as the Directorate of Press and Intelligence. We will explain Sertel's work and views later.

General Directorate of Censorship and Press and Intelligence

As we mentioned before, Mustafa Kemal Pasha did not want harmful publications to reach the Turkish public and therefore to cause confusion among the public. In order to prevent harmful publications from spreading to the public, a censorship directive was issued on May 6, 1920 and published in Hakimiyet-i Milliye on May 20, 1920. The first article of this 19-item directive is about stopping official correspondence from Istanbul and sending it back to Istanbul in the first censorship centers on the coast, where all kinds of official communications with Istanbul are prohibited. The second article is about the ban on Istanbul newspapers from entering the countryside. All Istanbul newspapers would be sent back from the coastal censorship centers. Civil servants who accepted or did not send back these newspapers and official documents would be prosecuted under the "Hiyanet-i Vataniye" Law. 90 It seems that the Istanbul press does not talk about the Anatolian movement, but only about the Sultan and the Istanbul Government, but Ankara retaliates by preventing this useless press from entering Anatolia and prevents the people from being deceived. According to the Censorship Law, the articles to be sent to the ministers and official authorities could not pass the censorship, which caused a duality. On July 4, 1920, the censorship of the articles to be sent to the ministers and official authorities was discussed in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in the meeting, it is necessary to discuss whether there is a need for censorship, the committee that will implement the censorship should also be bound by the censorship, if they do not want to be, civil servants, commanders and the public can also benefit from the same right, and this is not appropriate, stressed that it is not yet time for the censorship to be lifted. 91

After the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the General Directorate of Press and Intelligence was established. The intelligence issue was discussed in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on May 4, 1920; The memorandum given on May 3, 1920 on the establishment of the seven-person intelligence branch and the election of its members from the general committee was discussed. Deputy Speaker of the Assembly Celaleddin Arif Bey stated that the establishment of the intelligence branch was important, and at the end of the speeches, a commission of 15 people was established and they also formed the publishing committee. 92 However, the complaints that the news did not reach their place had increased considerably. The news really didn't reach everywhere. The people remained unaware. Complaints were reaching Ankara and keeping Ankara busy to a large extent. We have many examples of these complaints.

On March 15, 1920, Samsun Defense-i Law Society President Süleyman Bey told the Ankara Defense-i Law Committee Presidency that they had not received any news about the future of the country for a week and again, Adana, Birecik, Maraş, Urfa, He explained that the fact that the centers of Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Siirt, Erzurum, Bayburt, Aşkale, and Van were not accepted by the post office aroused concern, and that they wanted to be informed daily about good and bad news about the future of the country. 93 Bekir Bey, on behalf of the Defense Committee in Hasankale, sent a phone call to the Head of the Representative Committee in Ankara on March 17, 1920, stating that no information could be received about the situation for fifteen days, and that the people of Pasin, who are in an important place, wanted to be informed about the current situation. 94 On 18 March 1920, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, On the wire he sent to Hasankale Defense-i Law Center, he announced that they had written the information to the Corps and the Province, and that they would also inform them. 95 Likewise, on 17 March, the President of Arapkir Defense of Rights Society, Nafiz Hasan, wrote to Ankara that information could not be obtained in Urfa and Ayıntap. , announced that information was given to the provinces about the general situation97, and Fahri from Ankara Representative Committee declared that information was sent to Elaziz.98 As it can be seen, everywhere applies to Ankara for information. This is an important step towards organizing and is an important example of Anatolia's trust in Ankara. Mustafa Kemal Pasha took the necessary precautions by addressing this issue. As a matter of fact, on March 19, 1920, the provinces, independent governorships, In the wire he sent to the Center for the Defense of the Law, he asked that it was understood that every place needed news in these crisis days, that telegrams were sent to Ankara from many places for this, and that the general need of the people was met and the whole nation was enlightened about the general situation. “However, the complaints continued for a short time. On March 20, 1920, when he complained about Malatya, Mustafa Kemal Pasha said, “The intelligence that has been given so far will be given exactly. Is it not communicated from the province?" he had to ask. 10° On March 21, 1920, the Commander of the Duzce National Forces, Mahmut Nedim, expressed the distress arising from not being able to receive news to the Head of the Representative Committee in Ankara, and Aziz, the director of the Şark newspaper, which was published in Elaziz on March 26, said to the National Struggle. It is their duty to help people, He requested that the communiqués be sent to them for publication as well.102 In his reply on behalf of the Representative Committee on 29 March, Mustafa Kemal stated that the intelligence reports of the Representative Committee were given to the Province and the Center for the Defense of the Law, and that the addresses of all newspapers will now be added here. and announced that it would be sent to them as well. 103 However, it is understood that the news could not reach the newspapers. Because, in the article written from Karahisar on April 1, 1920, it was reported that the news did not reach their newspapers, and Mustafa Kemal Pasha had to put a note on the article saying, “We would give every communiqué to the Anatolian newspapers completely”.104 Heyet-i Temsiliye announced that the intelligence reports were given to the province and the Center for the Defense of the Law, and that the addresses of all newspapers would now be added here and sent to them as well. 103 However, it is understood that the news could not reach the newspapers. Because, in the article written from Karahisar on April 1, 1920, it was reported that the news did not reach their newspapers, and Mustafa Kemal Pasha had to put a note on the article saying, “We would give every communiqué to the Anatolian newspapers completely”.104 Heyet-i Temsiliye announced that the intelligence reports were given to the province and the Center for the Defense of the Law, and that the addresses of all newspapers would now be added here and sent to them as well. 103 However, it is understood that the news could not reach the newspapers. Because, in the article written from Karahisar on April 1, 1920, it was reported that the news did not reach their newspapers, and Mustafa Kemal Pasha had to put a note on the article saying, “We would give every communiqué to the Anatolian newspapers completely”.104

Mustafa Kemal Pasha took the floor during the debate on September 26, 1920, when some of the deputies in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey discussed that the General Directorate of Press and Intelligence was not working well, and it was right to ask questions to those responsible and get their opinion on these delays in order to reveal the truth. He claimed that it would be better to make a decision after that.105

Since the beginning of the National War of Independence, the press in Anatolia has started to make its power and voice heard. While the Anatolian press was in a very weak condition before, it gained strength during the War of National Independence and started to make its voice heard. In fact, the Açıksöz newspaper published in Kastamonu reminded that Istanbul was once superior to Anatolia, but claimed that Istanbul no longer had its former importance by saying, “It is Anatolia, not Istanbul, that enlightens and informs the public anymore.”106 Mustafa Kemal Pasha. He also explained these in more detail in his speech at the Turkish Grand National Assembly on September 28, 1920. Mustafa Kemal Pasha stated that it was said that there was no press in Anatolia and said, “A year ago, six months ago, there was nothing to call the press in Anatolia. We know this sentence. But, Today, there is indeed a press in Anatolia, and this press is the result of the work that took place in Anatolia. We almost do not have an important center where a newspaper has not been published. So there is a press in Anatolia. Therefore, the press has not been neglected. Masters, the first attempts were made to bring this printing into existence and it was realized”. Mustafa Kemal Pasha also mentioned the situation of the members of the press: “Material aid (assistance) in order to maintain their lives; but it is possible that the most important and real help (assistance) that needs to be mentioned will be intellectual assistance, which has also been done. All newspapers have been instructed by us as to how they will manage and in what way, and all of our press are performing (doing their duty) in this office.” he said. However,

It can be seen that there is a great deal of work in the establishment of news, dissemination, and intelligence branches. Intelligence branches are opening everywhere. The General Directorate of Press and Intelligence tried to convey the information requested from it to the desired places. There were many applications to him in this regard. For example, the 1st Martial Law Court applied to the General Directorate of Press on 26 December 1920 and requested that copies of Tasvir-i Efkar of 1919 be delivered to them.108

Intelligence officers had a lot of work during the National War of Independence. Intelligence officers were influential in the timely learning of press information and agency news and their delivery to Ankara and other places. The Intelligence Officer in İnebolu, Şevki Bey, was explaining to Fevzi Bey, who was in the Presidency of the Erkan-ı Harbiye, in response to his code dated 19 October 1920, that the newspapers sent by Ziyat Bey were opened and wrapped one by one in Inebolu and sent to the post offices. However, due to the storm, sometimes there were disruptions and confusion in newspaper transportation.109

Information and news about the press were reaching Anatolia mostly through Ereğli and Zonguldak. But, as we just mentioned, this was causing some delays. In order to prevent this, on 24 November 1920, in a letter written to İnebolu Intelligence Officer Şevki Bey from the General Staff, the news was to be transmitted over İnebolu, as before, but through Zonguldak, through Ragıp Bey, who was under the command of the Directorate of Press and Intelligence, in case of emergency. had been considered. In addition, it is reported that it will be tried to send the minutes such as the Agency and the newspapers, but they can be sent very little, the press printing houses there are used, and the Ileri Newspaper prints and distributes the Parliamentary Minutes;

As can be seen, a number of measures have been taken in the way of news distribution. Now, Anatolia is not as unaware as it used to be. Complaints about this issue have also decreased to a near non-existent level. By sending one issue from Ankara newspapers to Istanbul newspapers from İnebolu, a link is established between the Istanbul press and the Anatolian press, and the Istanbul press can learn about the Anatolian events. Now, only Bursa does not bear the burden of sending news to Istanbul.

Newspapers and journalists were handled by the intelligence officer and the money for these works was paid by Ankara when deemed necessary. If there were unnecessary expenses, the intelligence officer would be warned. The correspondent of the French Journal newspaper was paid three thousand five hundred cents unnecessarily. İnebolu intelligence officer Şevki, on the wire he sent to the General Directorate of Erkan-ı Harbiye on November 28, 1920, sent the Journal newspaper reporter to Istanbul, but the man ate a meal worth three thousand five hundred kuruş on the ferry, insisted that "the Ankara Government will pay the cost," and the ferry captain said that He states that he paid this money because he tried to take him out.* 11 However, when the intelligence officer asked for the money, he was informed that this person did not come to Anatolia by order of the Government; He was also asked from whom he ordered to pay this money and why he paid it. In addition, the task of the intelligence officer was explained to him. It has been said that when an event that draws attention arises about any matter, as an intelligence officer, "although it may be your duty to inform us, we should not deal with things other than intelligence and liaison."112

At the end of 1920, the Anatolian press became stronger, news organizations developed, intelligence branches were established almost everywhere, intelligence officers began to work hard to fulfill their duties completely, and the Anatolian public could no longer remain unaware. In all these works, Mustafa Kemal Pasha's efforts, motivation and guidance, which we have just mentioned, contributed greatly.

Publication of İrade-i Milliye Newspaper

As Mustafa Kemal Pasha decided to explain the importance of the National War of Independence, the work to be done and the current situation to his own nation, as the Sivas Congress was ending on September 11, 1919, he felt the need to publish a newspaper. He talked to Rasim Hodja, one of the members of Sivas Congress and one of the veteran teachers of Sivas, and said that he would publish a newspaper, and that a reliable person was needed to take over the responsible directorate of it.

Rasim Hodja immediately started researching and said that one of his students, twenty-two-year-old Selahattin, would be a reliable person in this business. Permission was obtained from Sivas Governor Reşit Pasha to publish the newspaper. The name of the newspaper was put under the title by Mustafa Kemal. The articles of the newspaper, which was dated 14 September 1919, were written entirely with the directives of Mustafa Kemal Pasha.

In the printing house in Sivas Province, the printing works were carried out with a printing machine brought in the Constitutional Period and turned by arm. It was also thought that the intellectuals of Istanbul would benefit from the newspaper and obtain information from the stages of the National War of Independence. Because this was an important issue. For this, the following method was used. The stamp of the Sivas Province Veteran's Office was used as an envelope and the "İrade-i Milliye", the organ of the National Independence Movement, could be brought into Istanbul by this way. 113

All pages of İrade-i Milliye newspaper contained information about the National War of Independence. The declarations of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, the decisions of the Representative Committee, and various correspondences were the main sources and subjects of the “Will of Nations”. What the National Will was, why the war of independence was started, what was done, why the country fell into this situation, and the current situation were announced to the public through this newspaper.

The first issue of İrade-i Milliye was published on 14 September 1919 and was four pages long. In this first issue of İrade-i Milliye, an important article by Journalist İsmail Hami (Danishment) from Istanbul, news of the Congress, Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech opening the Congress, the wire drawn by the Congress to the Sultan, the declaration addressing the nation, Mustafa There was a telegram that Kemal sent to the Sultan in Havza in May. Other issues continued in this way with writings stating the aims and development of the National War of Independence.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha was closely interested in the articles of the newspaper while he was in Sivas. With Mustafa Kemal Pasha's move to Ankara, the newspaper was out of Mustafa Kemal's control since its issue on 18 December 1919.

After the İrade-i Milliye was released from the control of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, requests and complaints arose about this newspaper. Although Mustafa Kemal left Sivas to go to Ankara with his friends on December 18, 1919, and came to Ankara, the complaints about the Will-i Milliye were conveyed to Mustafa Kemal Pasha in a short time. As a matter of fact, the 11th Division Commander in Niğde, Mümtaz Bey, sent the code wire he sent to Mustafa Kemal Pasha on January 30, 1920, with the names of the people who subscribed to the İrade-i Milliye newspaper, which was previously published in Sivas, with the subscription price of two thousand and sixty kuruş. He stated that he was sent to the Directorate of İrade-i Milliye Newspaper in Sivas in December 1919, but that this newspaper was not sent to them, that there was no trust left in this newspaper's management, so the subscriber registration would not be successful. Mr. Mumtaz also said, He also stated that it would be possible to convert the collected subscriber monies into the name of the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye newspaper to be published in Ankara and thus to provide more subscribers. 115 Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his reply to Niğde 11th Division Commander Mümtaz Bey on January 15, 1920, stated that he had assisted in the editorial affairs of the İrade-i Milliye newspaper while he was in Sivas, in the publication of İrade-i Milliye newspaper. He was reporting that his transfer to the newspaper was impossible, and that he would announce to the Sivas Delegation Center to send the newspaper to the subscribers without a hitch. Mustafa Kemal Pasha also mentions the situation of Hâkimiyet-i Milliye and reminds that Hâkimiyet-i Milliye was established in Ankara for the same purpose and that it is another newspaper whose editorial works are completely under his supervision, therefore it is not correct to transfer subscribers to this newspaper, but he also wanted the Hakimiyet-i Milliye to be widely read everywhere.116 In addition, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in an article he wrote to the Sivas Delegation Center on January 15, 1920, stated that there were complaints that the İrade-i Milliye newspaper was not sent to subscribers constantly, and that the newspaper was not sent to subscribers. 117 As it can be seen, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha did not have any complaints while he was in Sivas and was dealing with the newspaper's articles, some complaints arose after Mustafa Kemal left Sivas. However, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in Ankara, he dealt with these complaints and took the necessary initiatives to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118 In an article he wrote to the Sivas Committee of the Central Committee on January 15, 1920, he reminded that there were complaints that the İrade-i Milliye newspaper was not sent to the subscribers constantly and that the newspaper should be sent to the subscribers regularly. Although there were no complaints, some complaints emerged after Mustafa Kemal left Sivas. However, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in Ankara, he dealt with these complaints and took the necessary initiatives to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118 In an article he wrote to the Sivas Committee of the Central Committee on January 15, 1920, he reminded that there were complaints that the İrade-i Milliye newspaper was not sent to the subscribers constantly and that the newspaper should be sent to the subscribers regularly. Although there were no complaints, some complaints emerged after Mustafa Kemal left Sivas. However, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in Ankara, he dealt with these complaints and took the necessary initiatives to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118 he reminded the subscribers that the newspaper should be sent regularly.117 As can be seen, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha did not have any complaints while he was in Sivas and was dealing with the articles of the newspaper, some complaints arose after Mustafa Kemal left Sivas. However, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in Ankara, he dealt with these complaints and took the necessary initiatives to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118 he reminded the subscribers that the newspaper should be sent regularly.117 As can be seen, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha did not have any complaints while he was in Sivas and was dealing with the articles of the newspaper, some complaints arose after Mustafa Kemal left Sivas. However, although Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in Ankara, he dealt with these complaints and took the necessary initiatives to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118 He made necessary attempts to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118 He made necessary attempts to ensure that the İrade-i Milliye, one of the important publications of the National War of Independence, could reach everywhere. 118

Hâkimiyet-i Milliyettin Publication

Mustafa Kemal Pasha wanted to bring the İrade-i Milliye newspaper to Ankara, but when the people of Sivas wanted it to remain as a living monument describing the National War of Independence, it was deemed more appropriate to publish the İrâde-i Milliye in Sivas.

On the second day of his arrival in Ankara, Mustafa Kemal Pasha wanted to publish a newspaper again so that the aims of the National War of Independence and the work done would be announced to the whole country from Ankara. He named the newspaper himself. The reserve officer Recep Zühtü (Soyak), whom Mustafa Kemal loved and believed in, was appointed as the editor-in-chief. The newspaper, called Hâkimiyet-i Milliye, began to be published twice a week as of January 10, 1920. In the first issue, the article with the signature of “Heyet-i Tahririye”, which completely covers the first page, was written by Mustafa Kemal Pasha after being noted by Hakkı Behiç.119

In the first issue of the newspaper, the reason for the emergence of the National Sovereignty and why it was named as such was explained as follows: The name of our newspaper is also the variant of the historical struggle it will follow. In that case, we can say that the profession of the National Sovereignty will be the defense of the nation.” The reason for the birth of the newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye is explained as follows: “The Kuva-yı Milliye, the Anatolian and Rumelian Defense Organization is the origin of this suffering and the result of this circumstance and hadith. The newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye is born from this hadith.” 120

As the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye announced in its first issue, it will give news covering all Anatolia and the situations and events that concern it. Hâkimiyet-i Milliye will be the "defense-i domination of the nation". In the article signed by the Heyet-i Tahririye, the latest situation in Turkey is mentioned, the treachery and occupations are explained and the emergence of the “Kuva-yı Milliye” and the “Anatolian and Rumelian Defense of Rights” organization stemmed from these conditions and the Hakimiyet-i Milliye was also due to these conditions. publication is emphasized. Later on, it was announced that the nation had awakened, that the nation would live freely and independently, that it needed progress, and that the newspaper would serve this purpose.

The newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye also tells the public what the Kuva-yı Milliye is, what it was founded for, what it wants to do, and helps to enlighten the public on this important issue.

In the 11th issue of the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye, it is stated that there is no duality between the Kuva-yı Milliye and the government, and it is explained that the Kuva-yı Milliye was born from “the spirit of the nation, its need for survival and independence”, that no one can break this unity, and “Let the National Forces disperse. it means that the nation should disperse”. In the same article, it is stated that the Kuva-yı Milliye was met with enthusiasm above almost all sects and political tendencies, whereas the ranks and foundations of the Kuva-yı Milliye; It is explained that, like a sect, they do not have positions or civil servants to please their fans, and that the National Forces "united the people spiritually and intellectually" in order to save the homeland in the most depressed times.122 In fact, a significant part of the regular army consisted of Kuva-yı Milliye members.

On February 6, 1921, Ruşen Eşref (Ünaydın), who had interviewed Mustafa Kemal before and after in the Hakimiyet-i Milliye and published them in Tasvir-i Efkar123, and who had also met with Mustafa Kemal in Anatolia, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha. A lengthy interview is published. In the meantime, as the preparations for the London Conference were made and the delegates were to leave on 7 February, the main topic of the interview was focused on these points.124

The writings of Hâkimiyet-i Milliye were organized by the Representative Committee. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his letter to the 15th Corps Commander Kazım Karabekir Pasha on January 13, 1920, confirmed that they published a newspaper called Hâkimiyet-i Milliye in Ankara, that it was a private newspaper, and that its articles were given by the Representative Committee. 125

Most of the editorials of Hâkimiyet-i Milliye do not have signatures. Although it is understood from the style of the writings that a significant part of them came from the pen of Mustafa Kemal, there is no possibility to prove this. It is said that the articles with a single star below belong to Mustafa Kemal.

The newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye began to be published under very difficult conditions, with scarce resources, and continued its duty under these conditions. Requirements are gradually being met. On the wire drawn on March 5, 1920, with the signature of Recep, a chapographer was sent to Salih Bey, the Chief Aide of the War Office, as a chapographer was desperately needed, a few spare linoleum and plenty of ink, and a chapographer was requested to be sent. He had informed the Chief of Staff of the Ministry of War, Salih Bey, that he would be sent to Ankara by courier. 127 Machine will be purchased and shipped. There was a great need for paper for the printing press. Paper was available, albeit difficult. Four hundred and forty-two kıyye papers (okka) previously requested from Eskişehir,

Working under such difficult conditions, the newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye was born due to the people's demand for news and to support the National War of Independence. Before the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye newspaper was published on January 10, ig20, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was receiving articles that no news could be received from every corner of the country. On behalf of the President of Trabzon Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti, Ahmet said in the wire he sent to the Representative of the National Legislative Committee in Ankara on January 2, ig20, that there was no unity among the newspapers in Istanbul at this gentle time, when national independence was the subject and our national future would be determined, and that the national initiatives were disrupted. Since it was stated that the spread of gossip that harmed the whole Islamic world caused sadness, that the national unity should be ensured by sending telegrams to Istanbul, and that newspapers that act on the contrary would be deemed harmful in the eyes of the nation,

It can be seen that there is a need for a strong press organization in Anatolia. The attitude of the Istanbul press is not liked. All this instilled in Mustafa Kemal Pasha the idea of ​​publishing a newspaper in Ankara. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in his reply to this letter from Trabzon on January 7, 1920, stated that these thoughts were very appropriate and that the situation was announced to all the central committees and thanked him. 13° Likewise, on January 8, 1920, Hilmi on behalf of the Sinop Defense-i Hukuk Chief declared his dissatisfaction with the Istanbul press and sent the wire he had drawn to the Presidency of the Istanbul Press Society to the Ankara Representative Committee. The issues in this telegram almost covered the issues in the article written from Trabzon, and it was requested to make useful publications for the country and the nation, and to announce these issues to all Istanbul newspapers. 131 On behalf of the people from Çerkeş to Ankara, Hüsnü, Head of Defense of the National Defense Committee, on the wire he made on January 10, 1920, said that Turkish newspapers that will enlighten the public are currently publishing harmful gossip by forgetting their duties and disrupting national unity and initiatives, He wanted the Istanbul press to do their duty and to announce to the press that otherwise these newspapers would be considered harmful. 132 Upon the articles coming from Trabzon and other places, Mustafa Kemal Pasha immediately took action, and since he had replied to Trabzon before, he sent all the delegations outside of Trabzon to 7 He had sent a circular in January 1920. In this, the press of Istanbul is making broadcasts that disrupt the national unity at the moment when unity is needed, It was stated that the newspapers that would publish in this way would be considered harmful in the eyes of the nation, that the central committees should announce to Istanbul. By this way, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as we have mentioned before, ensured that the Istanbul press was not allowed into Anatolia. As a matter of fact, the circle on this issue made its impact felt everywhere and increased the sensitivity. On January 11, 1920, Hulusi Turgut, on behalf of the Sivas Delegation Center, on the wire he sent to Ankara, said with an effective language that Istanbul newspapers will be hit in the face before they are taken out of the Istanbul neighborhood, if the Istanbul press continues to act in this way, if it does not stop the harmful broadcast,

As can be seen, Anatolia showed unity in the face of the disintegrating behavior of the Istanbul press and showed how sensitive it is about national independence. Just at this time, Mustafa Kemal decided to publish a newspaper in Ankara with the influence of Anatolia's cry for this truth, and as we have just mentioned, Hakimiyet-i Milliye entered the publishing life on January 10, 1920.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, from the day after the publication of Hakimiyet-i Milliye, immediately started to work towards finding subscribers to the newspaper. On January 11, 1920, on the wire he sent to the Central Committee, it was stated that the copies of the newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye, which was in the program of the Anadolu and Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti and published twice a week under its supervision, were sent by mail in sufficient numbers, and that the annual subscription fee of the newspaper was three hundred and six months. He announced that it was one hundred and sixty cents and that the subscription fees would be sent through Ziraat Bank.135

There was great interest in the Hakimiyet-i Milliye in Anatolia. There were those who were interested in the language of the newspaper. Nazilli District Commander Servet Bey, on 14 January 1920, on the wire he sent to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, stated that he had complained many times about the language of the Irade-i Milliye and that it was learned that the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye would be removed under the supervision of the Representative Committee and asked who would deal with the newspaper. Mustafa Kemal Pasha informed Servet Bey on the wire he sent that same day that Hakkı Behiç Bey, a member of the Representative Committee, was dealing with the editorial affairs of the National Sovereignty. 136

Mustafa Kemal Pasha was sending seven hundred copies of each copy of the National Sovereignty to Miralay Şevket Bey, the Fortified Commander of the Çanakkale Location in Istanbul. The aim was to distribute these to the members of the Ayan and Deputies' Assemblies, to sell them to dealers and to register subscribers. Subscription fees would also be deposited in Ziraat Bank.137

Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on January 24, in Istanbul, told the 10th Division Commander Kemal Bey and one of the deputies, Rauf Bey, to take the necessary measures to ensure the safe distribution of the National Sovereignty in Istanbul; He also asked to be informed where and how much was given. 138 In the meantime, applications to subscribe to the newspaper had started from various parts of Anatolia. Kenan, the Commander of the 5th Division of Mardin, asked Ankara how many annual and six-month subscriptions of the National Sovereignty were,139 Mustafa Kemal conveyed to him how much the subscription fees were on January 21, 1920. 14° Subscription fees started to come to Ankara. Subscription fees of six thousand three hundred and twenty kurus were collected from Erzincan and Erzurum, and newspapers began to be sent to these places on a regular basis,141 and thirty copies each began to be sent to Adana as of the ninth issue.

From now on, all the articles about the National War of Independence were coming to Hakimiyet-i Milliye from all over Anatolia and were being printed there. On March 12, 1920, the Chairman of the Salihli Defense-i Law-u Osmaniye Committee, Zahit, declared the cruelty persecuted by the Greeks in Tabak, Ovacık, Söğüt and elsewhere, in the war they started with the Kuva-yı Milliye on the Ödemiş Front on March 2, 1920, all over the Ödemiş Plain. He was voicing and conveying to the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye that thousands of people had emigrated. The rulers and the people of Anatolia were helping Mustafa Kemal in his life and death struggle. As a matter of fact, on the wire he sent to Mustafa Kemal Pasha on February 18, 1920, Fatin, the Governor of Eskişehir, said, He stated that thousands of copies could be printed in Eskişehir or Ankara on behalf of the Defense of the Law Society in order to spread the treacherous intentions of the Europeans, who took the sword to Islam, against the Turks to all Muslims. 144

The Anatolian press could not get any information from Istanbul. The İrade-i Milliye and the Central Committee in Sivas were troubled in this regard. On the wire they sent to Mustafa Kemal on February 21, they did not receive any news other than the National Sovereignty for a month, although they had received information from the Parliament in Istanbul at first, they had not received any information for the last month, in fact, a significant part of the news of the Istanbul Press is being censored, Rauf said. They explained that they were able to obtain the important speech of the Bey in the Ottoman Parliament with the sending of the Intelligence Office of the Izmir Defense of Law Society. 145

It is seen that the Istanbul press cannot fully work due to the censorship and the effects of the occupation forces in Istanbul and elsewhere. İrade-i Milliye also confirms this. In that case, the most important source is Hâkimiyet-i Milliye. Anadolu Agency will also join this on April 6, 1920. Anatolian newspapers will always try to cite Hakimiyet-i Milliye as their source. Therefore, the burden and responsibility of the Hâkimiyet-i Milliye is great. The Anatolian people and the press expect great services from him. Hakimiyet-i Milliye will try to fulfill this duty completely and will be successful in this.

1 Bilge Umar, The Last Days of the Greeks in Izmir, Ankara 1974, p. 181-182.

2 Bilge Umar, supra, p. 229-230.

3 Payitaht Newspaper, 2 February 1921, No. 8, 29; January 1921, No. 17, 19; February 1922 etc.

4 Server İskit, A Look at the History of Publication Movements in Turkey, Istanbul 1939, p. 153.

5 Huseyin Hatemi, Press Ethics, Istanbul 1978, p. 71-75.

6 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Çankaya, c. 2 H. 329.

7 Pulpit, 2 November 1918, No. 2.

8 Pulpit, 7 November 1918, No. 7.

9 Pulpit, 16 December J918, No. 45.

10 Pulpit, 20 December 1918, No. 49.

11 The National Struggle and Veteran Mustafa Kemal by the Writers of the Age, Prepared by: Mehmet Kaplan-İnci Enginün-Birol Emil-Necatiİlk-Abdullah Uçman), İstanbul 1981, c. II, p. 706.

12 ibid, p. 1075-1080.

13 Atatürk's Circulars, Telegrams and Declarations (1917-1938), IV, 1964, p. 191-192.

14 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, File 1335/32, Index 48.

15 Tasvir-i Efkar, n October 1919 17 serialized articles between 11 October 1919 and 24 December 1919 under the title of “I with the Return of the Immigrants, later on the İzmir National Forces”. Some of them were posted blank due to censorship.

16 Tasvir-i Efkar, 20 October 1919, No. 2876, p. 2.

17 Tasvir-i Efkar, 26 October 1919, number 2882.

18 Tasvir-i Efkar, 8 October 1919, number 2864.

19 Tasvir-i Efkar, g October 1919, issue 2865.

20 Tasvir-i Efkar, 12 October 1919, number 2868.

21 Tasvir-i Efkar, 15 October 1919, No. 2871, p. 2.

22 Tasvir-i Efkar, 26 October 1919, No. 2891, p. 2.

23 Tasvir-i Efkar, 3 November No. 2890.

24 Tasvir-i Efkar, 10 November No. 2897.

25 Tasvir-i Efkar, 20 December 1919, no. 2943.

25 Tasvir-i Efkar, 21 December 1919, No. 2944.

27 Imposition, 23 June 1919, no. 8036; 26 June 1919, issue 8039; June 28, 1919, no. 8041.

28 İkdam, 26 May 1919, no. 8008, “A Concert for İzmir”; 30 May 1919, No. 8012 “Go to the Magnificent Meeting in Sultanahmet Today”; May 31, 1919, number 8031 ​​“One Hundred Thousand Karib Ehl-i Tevhidin Ictimâi in Sultanahmet Square” etc.

29 Imposition, January 4, 1920.

30 Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Ergenekon, Ankara 1981, p. 15, 25.

31 Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, ibid, p. 29-31.

32 Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, ibid, p. 61-63.

33 Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, supra, p. 66.

34 Law-u Beşer, 8 February 1919, issue 11.

35 Atatürk's Circular, Telegraph and Declarations (1917-1938), IV, Ankara 1964, p. 239-240.

36 Lord Kinross, Atatürk (The Rebirth of a Nation), Istanbul 1981, p. 296.

37 Lord Kinross, ibid, p. 302.

38 Atatürk's Circular, Telegraph and Declarations (1917-1918), IV, Ankara 1964, p. 239-240.

39 ibid, p. 275.

40 ibid, p. 272.

41 ibid, p. 273.

42 ibid, p. 310.

43 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 366, File 13, Index 12.

44 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 366, File 13, Index 10.

45 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 259, File 19, Index 82.

46 Atatürk's Circulars, Telegrams and Declarations (1919-1938), IV, 1964, p. 150.

47 ibid, p. 308.

48 In the telegram sent by Circassian Abdulvehhap to the Presidency of the National Congress Delegation in Sivas on 15 October 1919, in the article of Doctor Şerefettin in the Dertli newspaper published in Bolu, the Islamic people were identified as Kurds, Turks, Circassians, Abaza, Laz, Georgians, It was stated that he was provoking Bosnians with distinctive publications, and Mustafa Kemal Pasha, on the wire he sent to the Bolu Defense of Rights Society Center on October 20, requested that the articles that caused such confusion on the Islamic people not be published. Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 29, 29/29/1-2.

49 Ataturk Archive, Folder 14, Index 43.

50 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, File 1335/32, Index 1.

51 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 15, File 335/1, Index 8.

52 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 17/1.

53 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 17.

54 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 19.

55 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 19/1.

56 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 19/1-2.

57 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 19/3.

58 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 23, 23/1.

59 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 23/2.

60 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 19/4-5.

61 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 19/6.

62 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 12/1-2.

63 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 27.

64 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 28.

65 Chief of General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 20.

66 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 20/1.

67 Chief of the General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 20/2.

68 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 20/3.

69 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 20/5-6.

70 Tasvir-i Efkar, 13 October 1919, number 2869.

71 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 14, Index 20/4.

72 Tasvir-i Efkar, 24 December 1919, number 2937.

73 Tasvir-i Efkar, 21 October 1919, number 2877.

74 Tasvir-i Efkar, 15 October 1919, no. 2871. They saw the elections while passing through Niğde on the way.

75 Tasvir-i Efkar, 3 December 1919, no. 2920.

76 Tasvir-i Efkar, 22 October 1919, number 2878.

77 Tasvir-i Efkar, 31 October 1919, number 2878.

78 Tasvir-i Efkar, 27 October 1919, no. 2883.

79 For the three-issue series of articles by Ruşen Eşref “Interview with Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Rauf Bey”, see: Tasvir-i Efkar; 23 November 1919, no. 2919. The date of the interview was 23 October 1919. Tasvir-i Efkar, 25 November 1919, No. 2912. The date of the interview was 24 October 1919 in Amasya. Tasvir-i Efkar, 29 November 1919, Interview date 25 October 1919 Amasya.

80 Atatürk's Circulars, Telegrams and Declarations IV, Ankara 1964, p. 128-129.

81 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 259, File 19, Index 50.

82 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 259, File 19, Index 71.

83 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 392, File 54, Index 47.

84 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 259, File 19, Index 100.

85 İhsan Güneş, Intellectual Structure of the First Grand National Assembly (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), Faculty of Language and History-Geography. Library, No. 269.

86 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 658, File 19, Index 6.

87 Ankara University, Ataturk's Principles and Revolutions Institute Library Archive, No. 37/50986.

88 Ankara University, Ataturk's principles and revolutions Institute Library Archive, No. 37/50987.

89 İzzet Öztoprak, Turkish Press in the War of Independence (May 1919-July 1921), Ankara 1981, p. 41-46.

90 Hâkimiyet-i Milliye Newspaper (Ankara), No. 31.

91 Atatürk's Speeches and Statements I, Ankara 1961, p. 122.

92 Turkish Grand National Assembly Minutes, c. 1, Circuit. 1 (3rd session) 4.5.336, p. 212-213.

93 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, File 336/24, Index 16.

94 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 17.

95 Chief of General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 17/1.

96 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 17/1-2.

97 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 18.

98 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 18/1.

99 Chief of General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 19.

100 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 20.

101 General Staff, Head of Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 21.

102 Chief of General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 22/1.

103 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 22.

104 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 22/2.

105 Atatürk's Speeches and Statements I, Ankara 1961, p. 122.

106 Açıksöz Newspaper (Kastamonu) 20 July 1919, issue 6.

107 Atatürk's Speeches and Statements I, Ankara 1961, p. 125-126.

108 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 459, File 1914, Index 89.

109 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 638, File 19, Index 3/3.

110 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 638, Index 3.

111 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Archive of Independence, Folder 638, Index 13/2.

112 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 638, Index 13, 13/21.

113 Fuat Süreyya Oral, History of the Turkish Press (1919-1963), Ankara 1968, c. II, p. 40-41, Ömer Sami Coşar, National Struggle Press, İst. (No publication date), p. 115.

114 Fuat Süreyya Oral, supra, p. 41.

115 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 29, File 1336/24, Index 21.

116 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Independence Archive, Folder 29, Index 3.

117 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Archive of Independence, Folder 29, Index 4/23, 4/27.

Information is available in the 118 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive and Independence Archive.

119 Fuat Süreyya Oral, History of the Turkish Press (1919-1965), c. II, Ankara 1968, p. 42, Ömer Sami Coşar, National Struggle Press, İst. (No publication date), p. 123.

120 National Sovereignty (Ankara); January 10, 1920, issue 1, See also: The National Struggle with the Writers of the Age and Gazi Mustafa Kemal. Prepared by: Mehmet Kaplan-Inci Enginün-Birol Emil-Necatiİlk-Abdullah Uçman, Istanbul 1981, Ministry of Culture Pub. s. 199-201.

121 Hâkimiyet-i Milliye (Ankara), 10 January 1920, issue 1.

122 Hâkimiyet-i Milliye (Ankara), 24 February 1920, no. 11th.

123 Necat First, According to Rusen Eşref's Interviews, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Ankara 1984, Journal of Turkish Language, number 395-396, p. 437.

124 Hâkimiyet-i Milliye (Ankara), 6 February 1921, no. 101.

125 Atatürk's Circular, Telegram and Declarations IV, Ank. 1964, p. 162.

126 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 23.

127 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 23/1.

128 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 259, Index 23.

129 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 1.

130 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 1/a.

131 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 1/4.

132 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 1/5.

133 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 13.

134 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 1/6-7.

135 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 6/1-2-3.

136 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 4, 4/1.

137 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 6.

138 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 7/2.

139 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 7.

140 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 7/1.

141 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 10, 11.

142 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Department, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 12.

143 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 73.

144 Head of Military History and Strategic Studies of the General Staff, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 12 /1.

145 General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies, Atatürk Archive, Folder 29, Index 13.

Prof. Dr. Yücel Özkaya

Source: ATATÜRK ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ DERGİSİ, Sayı 3, Cilt: I, Temmuz 1985