ATATÜRK'S WRITTEN AND JOURNALISM

Summary

One of the least known aspects of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is his writing and journalism. As far as we can determine, he is an author who has written 14 different books. Until he reached this level, Atatürk had a great passion for reading. After his student years, he nurtured the world of thought by reading many books on sociology, culture, education, history and literature. Among the books he wrote, his book in which he explains the concepts that are very important for contemporary democracy is extremely important, as are the military ones. He wrote a book translating the terms of geometry into Turkish, and wrote many of his memoirs. In addition, Minber was influential in the publication of İrade-i Milliye and Hâkimiyet-i Milliye newspapers. He also wrote articles under different names in the minbar.

The aim of this article is to reveal this little-known aspect of Mustafa Kemal.

Entrance

Horace Mann once said: “If it were possible, I would plant a book like wheat in every inch of land!” To a sage who called out to the world from across the Atlantic, all the way from the United States, in the 19th century; In old Europe, the famous poet Schakespeare from England contributes as follows: “My books are a kingdom big enough for me!”… Another saying from one of Turkey's distinguished thinkers, Orhan Burian: “A book is a life filtered from a retort!”.

Each person can create their own unique kingdom among their books. He can enjoy unlimited freedom among his books to the fullest. The most beautiful loves, heroism, virtuous and principled stances can be witnessed in this kingdom. Such a kingdom can be established by every curious book reader; There is no doubt about it… It seems quite easy for the reader to establish a kingdom for himself from this point of view.

Or the one who wrote the book?

What is his place in this process?

The reader has a kingdom made up of his library; however, he continues the reign of many kingdoms over and over in each of his works that he writes… The one who reads the book buys his kingdom as he accumulates his books; but he creates his own kingdom with his own hands, accumulating knowledge and essence, like drops dripping from a retort and turning into a lake. The author of a book has another privilege; real kingdoms come and go. However, every well-written book shows a great resistance to the cruel attacks and brutal slaughter of time, beyond the comprehension of the human mind. If it is like a lush water filtered from the essence, identity, world of emotions and thoughts of a wise personality, the written work is like a "warrior" fighting against the darkness. For example, he valiantly defends reason and virtue against dictators who, with their unbridled passions, oppress the society, and eventually the individuals who make up the society, who hurl it to the left and right, impose their delusions and dogmas, and smash them. The principles that the work sprinkles in the memory and mind of individual individuals, morality and law gradually descend on the blind knots created by the dark and outdated order that pushes societies into captivity with its sharpest sword. He bravely resists injustices and facts and formations that contradict the values ​​that make people human. In this process, the works that shake the established order can be collected and burned by the people or interest groups who oppress the society. Heaps of books can be buried in the ground just so that they do not enlighten the minds; they can be avoided, thrown into the seas, as if they were a plague creature. All kinds of persecution and persecution can be directed ruthlessly against such works in the hands of "tyrants". However, he cannot die or be killed despite all the brutal attacks against him. He continues to breathe. Even if it is thought to be killed and destroyed and thrown into dark corridors for a while, even if it is put into graves, one day it will be resurrected; continues to fight against darkness and those who represent it; but he definitely wins his fight in the end… Victory is inevitably his. A quote from Rufus Choate: “The book is the only immortality!”… continues to fight against darkness and those who represent it; but he definitely wins his fight in the end… Victory is inevitably his. A quote from Rufus Choate: “The book is the only immortality!”… continues to fight against darkness and those who represent it; but he definitely wins his fight in the end… Victory is inevitably his. A quote from Rufus Choate: “The book is the only immortality!”…

1. Can Books Be Killed?

Yes, the only thing that has the power of immortality is the book. Books cannot be killed even if they want to be killed. For example, the books of many thinkers and writers such as Plato and Aristotle and Xenophon of the Age of Reason, which shed light on humanity in the Ancient Period, began to illuminate the darkness by questioning the body, mind and nature. Seeing these works as the curses of the polytheistic religions period; For this reason, the vulgar Christian knights, who sometimes tried to destroy them by throwing books into the middle of the flames reaching to the sky with hatred, and sometimes trying to destroy them by crushing them under the horses of their horses, were shouting hysterical cries blessing their success while they were destroying these works. Undoubtedly, they thought that their victory would be permanent, they believed that the "Order of God" that they were apostles in the creation and created with their hands within their own belief system, would last forever. While they later increased their power with the laws of the inquisition, the dogmas that obsessively captured their bodies and souls were seen as their only reason for existence. The immutable principles put forward in the name of faith constituted the most effective rules in everything and in every environment. Law, in the name of these dogmas, became a prisoner of lawlessness. The order of the Inquisition struck down its iron fist with all its might against the works defending right and justice and those who wrote them. The clergy, who wore the cross on their chests like a coat of arms of the holy warriors that God sent to earth, and while kneeling and crossing themselves, wasolating themselves from the world of the world and voicing their servitude to God, saw it as a sacred duty to destroy man in order to be worthy of God. Those swords, which are brought down in vengeance in the name of faith, do not only cut bodies, it was also destroying the common memory and reason that humanity had put forward until then. It was as if the swords and whips that descended on those bodies had acted in the name of God. Thus, a new ethical and legal order adorned with religious dogmas was being created. Wherever Christian armies passed, great libraries were burned and destroyed, along with the books in them, in order to make dogmas prevail. While doing this, the dogmatic mind, believing that he would rise in the sight of God and gain merit, was ruthlessly destroying the values ​​that would make human beings human with its predatory spirit. Copies of the remaining works were unearthed. Scientific awakening based on inquiry, observation and experimentation through dialogue, Leaping from the dark corridors of the Middle Ages, it was revived in the hands of those who pioneered the Renaissance culture. From that moment on, the works in question began to illuminate humanity again.

Thus, the rebirth, called the "Renaissance", was the definitive triumph of the works that could not be overlooked. The dark order was being destroyed, the collective memory and mind of humanity was being enlightened again. The Renaissance was the beginning of many inquiries and scientific awakenings. After going back and forth from time to time, a human-centered "enlightenment" culture was created. Progress did not stop; Despite many internal reckonings, bloody reckonings and wars between those who represent the dark order and those who try to bring the light, the effect of the old one was gradually broken. The Enlightenment created the Industrial Revolution; he too, stretching from the 19th century to the 21st century, brought the level of civilization to the top. Undoubtedly, every book written contributed to this process1. Parallel to this process, the events and phenomena that have been experienced become informatics at the end of mixed, intertwined cycles and flows.

If every work is a world, that work also has a creator. Naturally, thinking, researching, learning, acquiring knowledge; Those who have passed these on to others and future generations with their works have had the honor of creating the most magnificent, indestructible and indisputable monuments. Today, every intellectual knows the Defense of Socrates, which speaks to the present day from centuries; There are still lessons for everyone to learn from Yunus Emre's concise sayings and verses. Don't they still illuminate the dark corridors stretching from the corridors of the past to the present with the works of thinkers and scientists such as Spinoza, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Volter? As a rule of nature, the one who writes the book also dies. This is a rule of nature. However, this death in the body cannot be considered a real death. In every book written, the essence is resurrected, and as that work is recognized and known, lives forever. Sir William Davenant said not for nothing; “Books are monuments to lost heads!” saying…

If every book is a monument; as long as it is well written; that monument does not care about the blowing winds, snows and gusts; In that great process that extends to eternity, it stands still without being worn down or disturbed. It appeals to future generations. The owner of this magnificent monument transfers an unlimited communication to the next generations in the influence network formed in the line of his work from the past to the future; As the book lives, its author also lives and becomes a hero… The book also brings its author into existence; And the one who reads himself… A word from Payot: “Reading gives the power to get rid of, to be free”…

2. Journalism and Authorship of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

So, there are some requirements to be free, to be able to reach this power. Many leaders in history have struggled to bring freedom and independence to their nation. Some of them were successful in this, some of them gave their lives for this cause. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as a member of a backward society at the beginning of the twentieth century, is a great identity and personality who succeeded in leading his nation to independence and freedom. He did not content himself with being the world's greatest revolutionary by establishing the Turkish Republic alone, creating a nation from his subjects, and instilling contemporary values ​​in that nation as a sense of self-confidence. He was also a writer who constantly wrote articles and books… When he said, “My greatest work is the republic,” he was undoubtedly right; but in that republic, he constantly researched and questioned in order to complete the mind training of new generations. He managed to write down the results he reached in his short life. Working as a journalist, he tried to create public opinion and awaken the public; By writing books, he conveyed his knowledge, feelings and thoughts to his people. Like every writer, he was re-formed while creating his books. What does the famous thinker Montagine say?: “Before I created my books, my books created me”.

2.1. Reading Curiosity; Recreation While Reading

The book is created; The created book recreates its author before it is created. That's why every book is a world, and in every book, the writer of that book lives a new world. The author constantly reads and researches his work before writing it; he pushes the brain and emotion power to the last stage and finally puts the ripe fruits of knowledge, experience and mind power into lines in his work.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was also a person who read constantly3. From an early age he was extremely interested in reading and research. He enjoyed discussing what he read with his peers. His interests have constantly evolved, expanded and changed. History conveyed his experiences to him, put before his eyes the cause-effect relationship between the past and the present, and allowed him to make predictions about the future. Literature and philosophy were questioning and widening his world of emotions and his view of the world. Economics, political science, and sociology helped him understand the world he lived in. He wasn't just learning, he was perceiving daily politics and strategies based on the data revealed by these books. For this reason, he was not only consuming the information, but contemplating and combining that information with the power of perception. Books, It was like springs pouring out clear spring waters generously. He drank from these springs and poured the waters into his brain. The information that emerged from these sources constantly fed that historical personality. He was influenced by events, facts and people, maturing his mentality4. This process, which is based on learning, perception and gradually sensing, has created a genius like Mustafa Kemal. Then that genius; wrote his works, each of which is a monument. He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"... He drank from these springs and poured the waters into his brain. The information that emerged from these sources constantly fed that historical personality. He was influenced by events, facts and people, maturing his mentality4. This process, which is based on learning, perception and gradually sensing, has created a genius like Mustafa Kemal. Then that genius; wrote his works, each of which is a monument. He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"... He drank from these springs and poured the waters into his brain. The information that emerged from these sources constantly fed that historical personality. He was influenced by events, facts and people, maturing his mentality4. This process, which is based on learning, perception and gradually sensing, has created a genius like Mustafa Kemal. Then that genius; wrote his works, each of which is a monument. He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"... He was influenced by facts and people, maturing his mentality4. This process, which is based on learning, perception and gradually sensing, has created a genius like Mustafa Kemal. Then that genius; wrote his works, each of which is a monument. He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"... He was influenced by facts and people, maturing his mentality4. This process, which is based on learning, perception and gradually sensing, has created a genius like Mustafa Kemal. Then that genius; wrote his works, each of which is a monument. He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"... He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"... He revealed this valuable legacy as one of his most precious gifts to his nation… Here, let us remind you of Vasıf Bey's (Çınar) question about “Why did he read so much” while studying history: I was poor when I was a child. When I had two cents, I would give a cent of it to the book. If I weren't like this, I wouldn't be able to do any of these things I do"...

It was true; because Mustafa Kemal knew that every book is a life filtered from the retort; he takes a life from each book, adds that life to his own body; the world of thought is expanding; his perception of events deepened… The more Mustafa Kemal read, the more he became Mustafa Kemal…

2.2. Passion for Writing

While it should be one of the most important aspects of Mustafa Kemal, one of his least known aspects is his journalism and writing. It is known that he was interested in journalism, one of the brightest pursuits of his childhood and youth, during his student years. This curiosity goes back to his high school education (1896-1899). In those years, the person he was most influenced by was Ömer Naci. According to what he told directly, Ömer Naci was expelled from Bursa High School and came to the class of Mustafa Kemals. This young poet, who was interested in poetry, was very influential on Mustafa Kemal. He was interested in the art of speech. One day, Ömer Naci asked Mustafa Kemal for a book to read. When Mustafa Kemal showed the books he had read, he did not like any of them. This event had a whiplash effect on Mustafa Kemal's soul. This attitude of Ömer Naci puts Mustafa Kemal in trouble; but he also learns one thing very well: There is such a thing as poetry and literature... He wants to turn to poetry; however, one of his teachers says that such pursuits will distance him from the art of military service. He was influenced by this counsel; however, the enthusiasm of speaking and writing well engulfed young Mustafa Kemal from head to toe5.

Mustafa Kemal was eager to speak well and write well. On the one hand, he became interested in historical subjects. Mehmet Tevfik Bey, one of his teachers at the Manastır High School, was influential in his interest in history. He became interested in the writings of Namık Kemal, Abdülhak Hamit, Ahmet Mithat and Historian Murat Bey. His national consciousness consisted of these foodstuffs. One of the most influential people on him was his friend Ali Fethi Bey. Ali Fethi Bey made him meet more French thinkers with his books. Now, in Mustafa Kemal's world, Voltaire, Montesguieu and Rousseau were present. He had the opportunity to learn the history of the French Enlightenment; recognized the basic concepts that are the dignity of humanity; perceived belief in them as a matter of personality6.

3. First Journalism

This interest has never been lacking. After Idadi, it continued while he was a student at the Military Academy. Many of his teachers had an impact on the formation of his world of thought7. The winds of nationalism are blowing in the world; II. The Abdülhamit Administration did not like the entry of works written under the influence of this wind into the country. The books, which were distributed secretly by entering via Iran, also reached Mustafa Kemal. He was trying to read works that describe concepts such as equality and freedom secretly, under blind lights in his dormitory. He was deep in thought, trying to perceive the conditions and problems of his own country, weighing them in his mind. After all, there was a collection. He wanted to share his savings with his friends. He decided to publish a newspaper by copying his articles by hand. Sometimes he wrote the articles for the newspaper that he tried to publish in partnership with his trusted friends. They were writing ideas. The job they did for a while became clear; escaped arrest at the last minute8…

And Mustafa Kemal, the day came when he took charge in the army as a young officer. The country was going through its darkest days… He was exiled to Damascus during the reign of Abdulhamid, whom he criticized a lot because of his thoughts. However, no matter how limited the freedoms were, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire did not end. Wars followed one after another. Like many patriots of his generation, he saw vividly the collapse of an entire empire with his vivid eyes. He was burned inside; rushed to the defense of his country. He defended his country in Derne, Çanakkale and the Eastern Front; He was brought to the Command of the Lightning Armies, actively taking part in this sad draw and looking for ways to resist… But in this process, the portrait of Mustafa Kemal, who always reads and asks his friends to send a book to him, is always before us9… And the inevitable end: the Armistice of Mudros;

3.1. First Books

In this process, Mustafa Kemal did not hesitate to write important works. The bitter experiences of the Balkan War, the deteriorating atmosphere in the army, the deficiencies in the command prompted him to write books. One of his most valued friends was Nuri Conker. They were born on the same date. A strange game of fate, the death of Nuri Conker coincides with the date of Atatürk's death: 1937… This friend, whom he valued very much, was his friend from the same neighborhood. They went to the same schools. Then he became a schoolmate; Then they shared the same profession. He was a comrade in the Turkish Army. As the Empire goes step by step towards loss and destruction from their hands; they ran together to the front with weapons in their hands… The lives of the two of them had almost crossed in every period of their lives. They were side by side in organizing the resistance against the Italians in Tripoli. Then they found themselves in Çanakkale. When the Balkan War began, they rushed from Tripoli to the Balkans. Because the danger here was much closer and greater… The Balkan War meant a complete collapse for the Turkish military. Army Commander Abdullah Pasha was in such a difficult situation that he could not convey his orders to the closest combatant forces. There was no so-called combat in the army; communication had collapsed, and the army was retreating in a hurry before firing a single bullet10. Like a mythological story, an entire empire was collapsing. Nuri Conker sat down; wrote a book. In this book, he examined the problems of the Turkish Army in command and command. This book was his only book. He published his book. The title of his book was Officer and Commander. Mustafa Kemal agreed with some of his friend's views and disagreed with others. He also sat down; He wrote a new book that critiques this book:

They were expressing their views on the shortcomings of the army, which had just emerged from the Tripoli and Balkan Wars, the inability to manage and manage the army. The goal was to diagnose the problem. They knew that without a diagnosis, there was no cure for any disease. The two favorite officers of their time ponder over these most important and urgent problems of their country and seek a solution; They did not hesitate to scrutinize and criticize each other's views and observations with a democratic and positive approach. There was an important principle that they emphasized in this book, which complemented and strengthened each other: good management and good command… They were aware that an army that could not command well would fail. Soldiers must have scientific knowledge. Courage was something that was undoubtedly necessary.

The works of Nuri Conker and Mustafa Kemal were two separate books that complemented each other. Both were talking about how failure in command affected the fate of an entire army and country. Courage, ability to make decisions on his own and individual characteristics were as important as scientific knowledge. Mustafa Kemal thought of publishing his book right after the Balkan War. However, the First World War made it impossible for him to realize this idea immediately. The book was only published in 1918 in Istanbul, at the end of the First World War. About six months after the book was published, Mustafa Kemal Pasha went to Samsun to discuss the fate of a country in Anatolia that the imperialist powers wanted to destroy by swallowing and the Turkish nation living in that country. The government of Damat Ferit Pasha, one of the fiercest enemies of the national war in Anatolia, had Mustafa Kemal's book, which he had published while in Istanbul, confiscated and destroyed12. He was a military attaché in Sofia when the war broke out. While there, he wrote letters to his friends in Istanbul, asking for books; he was researching and reading.. In such a painful period, which is a life and death period for his country, he could not digest staying in an inactive duty. He wrote a letter to Enver Pasha and asked for active duty. Now he too actively participated in the First World War; had run to the front. During this period, we see him as the 19th Division Commander in Çanakkale. Again he was not idle. He both read and wrote. Even under the most turbulent times of the First World War, he asked his friends in Istanbul for books to read. Journalist Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın, who came to visit him at the height of the Dardanelles War, had a long meeting with him. Ruşen Eşref Bey, who published this interview in the newspaper he worked for, described Atatürk's room with pleasant words and emphasized his interest in reading books. He mentioned that when he went to visit Mustafa Kemal, the works of Balzac, Maupassant, Boule de Suif, and Lavedan stood on his desk. He wrote letters to his friend Ömer Lütfi Bey's wife, asking him to find some books and send them to him. When the books he wanted came, the lines he wrote with his own words reflected how happy he welcomed them... He was a fan of Tevfik Fikret, one of the most popular poets of the period... He closely followed Abdullah Cevdet's thoughts, Plovdiv Ahmet Hilmi's “Is It Possible to Deny God?” He was reading with pleasure his semi-philosophical book entitled "Liberty" by Namık Kemal, and the national writings of Mehmet Emin Yurdakul and Mithat Cemal Kuntay. Among the works he read was Georges Fonserrive's First Book from Mebadi-i Philosophy: İlmünnefs13. He also read Alphonse Daudet's Sopho, Moeurs Parisienne14. He continued to read at the front. While he was the 16th Corps Commander, he wrote the "Diary Book" on the Eastern Front on the one hand, and on the other hand, he expressed his joy when the books he wanted from Istanbul came to this notebook15… Mustafa Kemal, who gave himself to reading, researching and learning whenever he had the opportunity, did not stay idle in writing. During the First World War, he wrote other works besides this diary. Two of them were named Arıburnu Battles Report and Anafartalar Battle History. In these two works, he portrayed these two important and vital aspects of Çanakkale with a masterful pen. While the Çanakkale War is recorded in history in the lines he tells; it also revealed what a great literary personality he was. He added official reports to his observations; thus, he produced documentary works. In these two works, Çanakkale Front seems to come alive again in the eyes of the next generations; These two works, adorned with daily notes, described Çanakkale through the eyes of Mustafa Kemal. The battles that took place on the Çanakkale front were resurrected from his pen. “History is such a beautiful mirror!” Mustafa Kemal said, while describing the Conkbayırı Operation; “This spirit is the spirit that saved Çanakkale!” in the lines that say He also emphasized how the Turkish spirit was resurrected16. In these two works, he explained the day-to-day details of the war. He kept the history of the battles that took place in his region. He based the subjects and events he told on documents17.

The Turk was wanted to be killed in this great war; but he was not dead, he was resurrected...

3.2. Two Important Newspapers of the National War

During the Celibacy Period, Mustafa Kemal Pasha turned to many quests. For a while, he published his work called Hasbihal with the Officer and the Commander, which was to be collected and destroyed by Damat Ferit Pasha. In those days, the Turks were living the darkest days of their history. There were great territorial losses at the end of the First World War. He left Yıldırım Army Group Command and came to Istanbul and rented a house in Şişli. He used to gather frequently in the house he rented in Şişli with his friends and sought escape remedies18. He saw that there would be no benefit from the Ottoman Sultan and his government. He was in contact with the governments that were established one after the other, and he was looking for ways that could be more effective in the new period. In the end, there was no hope left for Istanbul. One had to go to the nation and do something with the nation. In the meantime, however, he believed that some useful things could be done in the political way, or at least that this way should be forced. When he came to Istanbul, he had some money that he had not been able to spend during the war years. First he wanted to buy a house for his mother with this money; he couldn't do it. He gave the remaining money to this daily newspaper to be published as capital19. Together with his friend Ali Fethi Bey, he tried a new journalism to awaken the public. He tried to publish a newspaper called Minbar. Dr. Rasim Farid had taken over the ownership and responsible directorship of Minbar. Atatürk also wrote editorials in this newspaper under the pseudonym "Minber". The newspaper was closed on 21 November 1918 after about 50 issues were published20. He had some money in his hand that he could not spend during the war years. First he wanted to buy a house for his mother with this money; he couldn't do it. He gave the remaining money to this daily newspaper to be published as capital19. Together with his friend Ali Fethi Bey, he tried a new journalism to awaken the public. He tried to publish a newspaper called Minbar. Dr. Rasim Farid had taken over the ownership and responsible directorship of Minbar. Atatürk also wrote editorials in this newspaper under the pseudonym "Minber". The newspaper was closed on 21 November 1918 after about 50 issues were published20. He had some money in his hand that he could not spend during the war years. First he wanted to buy a house for his mother with this money; he couldn't do it. He gave the remaining money to this daily newspaper to be published as capital19. Together with his friend Ali Fethi Bey, he tried a new journalism to awaken the public. He tried to publish a newspaper called Minbar. Dr. Rasim Farid had taken over the ownership and responsible directorship of Minbar. Atatürk also wrote editorials in this newspaper under the pseudonym "Minber". The newspaper was closed on 21 November 1918 after about 50 issues were published20. He tried to publish a newspaper called Minbar. Dr. Rasim Farid had taken over the ownership and responsible directorship of Minbar. Atatürk also wrote editorials in this newspaper under the pseudonym "Minber". The newspaper was closed on 21 November 1918 after about 50 issues were published20. He tried to publish a newspaper called Minbar. Dr. Rasim Farid had taken over the ownership and responsible directorship of Minbar. Atatürk also wrote editorials in this newspaper under the pseudonym "Minber". The newspaper was closed on 21 November 1918 after about 50 issues were published20.

This little essay showed the importance Atatürk gave to newspapers in enlightening the nation21. In an interview with Falih Rıfkı, he described this initiative himself as follows: “Fethi Bey published a newspaper called Minber in Istanbul. He was the owner and editor-in-chief. I have also partnered with him to publish our thoughts together. I do not know how successful the newspaper was”22… It has been said by various authors that Atatürk wrote articles in this newspaper under the pseudonyms “Hatib” 23 and “Minber”24; however, there are also comments that Hatib cannot be Mustafa Kemal25.

However, this effort was not very successful. Anatolia was boiling. The Greek army landed in Izmir with the support of England, and Turkish blood was shed in this city. Thousands of Turks died under Greek bayonets26. While these events were taking place, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who came to the conclusion that it was unnecessary to hope for anything from Istanbul, set foot on Anatolian lands in Samsun on 19 May 1919 with 19 of his friends. In this process, new searches began. However, the purpose in Mustafa Kemal's mind was clear: to establish a fully independent, new state based on national sovereignty… He knew the difficulty of explaining this at once27. Opponents can make all kinds of difficulties on the way they are headed; Those who could not grasp this in thought could create all sorts of difficulties. Therefore, he believed in the necessity of determining a road line. By dividing the achievement of the goal into stages, He found it appropriate to take steps when the time and place came. For this reason, he tried to convince the people around him and the people, as the conditions allowed.

The struggle to be fought in this process had two dimensions. The first was to fight against the Ottoman monarchy and the institutions and concepts on which it was based, on the basis of national sovereignty. The second dimension was to fight for full independence against the colonial powers that occupied the country and dared to break up their lands.

The way to explain the meaning of this war to the nation was to enlighten it. At that time, many newspapers were published in Anatolia, especially in Istanbul. While some of them supported the war waged by the Turkish Nation under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, there were also those who opposed it and said it was a defeatism and banditry. For example, Alemdar and Peyam-ı Sabah newspapers were against this war. The famous newspapers of the period such as Tasvir-i Efkar, İkdam, Vakit and İleri were more moderate despite the censorship of the occupation forces. In Anatolia, there were newspapers that supported this struggle, as well as those who were against it28.

Atatürk knew the power of the press. For this reason, he gave importance to the work of newspapers that would tell the national war to both the Turkish Nation and the western public opinion. During his journey from Samsun to Amasya, from Amasya to Sivas, from Sivas to Erzurum and finally to Ankara via Erzurum and Sivas, he established relations with many newspapers. In particular, he believes in the necessity of explaining to the world the justification of the national struggle; for this reason, he attached importance to the presence of articles in the foreign press that would describe the case. During the days of Sivas Congress, Chicago Daily News sent a reporter from America to Sivas. The name of this journalist was Lous E. Brown. Atatürk tried to explain the justification of the national war to this American journalist. This was not enough; Announcing the decisions taken at the Sivas Congress and the works done to the nation; He decided to publish a newspaper that would create public opinion in order to gather supporters both inside and outside the country. He applied to the governorship of Sivas and obtained the privilege of the newspaper. He gave the owner and responsible director of the newspaper to Selahaddin, one of the young people from Sivas. The name of the newspaper was İrade-i Milliye. The printing of the newspaper was carried out in the printing house of the Sivas Governorship. On September 14, the newspaper had the following written under its name: “He is the defender of the aspirations and aims of the nation”29…

The newspaper was printed in the provincial printing house. The propaganda of the new national war in Anatolia was to be made through this newspaper. In addition to the fact that there are some people who are willing to publish a newspaper, Atatürk directly wanted such a newspaper to be published. An application was made to the governor's office for this, and Selahattin Bey, who was twenty-two years old, received the publishing concession of the newspaper. The newspaper was 30x50 cm in size. This printing press, which remained from the constitutional period, was turned by arm, and it did not have enough fonts. One corner of the building where the newspaper printing house was located was turned into the center of the Sivas Defense of Rights Association. For this reason, Mustafa Kemal Pasha often came here. The basic principles of the National Struggle began to be published in this newspaper with Atatürk's directives. The newspaper was delivered to the four corners of Anatolia in different ways. The British, who seized a copy of the newspaper, came to Bab-ı Ali and protested. News and articles in the newspaper were prepared by Atatürk's friend and published after they were shown to Atatürk. The opening speech of Atatürk's Sivas Congress took place in the first issue of the newspaper. In addition, the telegram sent by the Congress to the sultan and the circular issued to the nation were included in the newspaper. When Atatürk left Sivas on December 18, 1919, the newspaper continued its publication. Published 138 issues in total, the newspaper continued its publication until the printing house burned down at the beginning of 192130. In addition, the telegram sent by the Congress to the sultan and the circular issued to the nation were included in the newspaper. When Atatürk left Sivas on December 18, 1919, the newspaper continued its publication. Published 138 issues in total, the newspaper continued its publication until the printing house burned down at the beginning of 192130. In addition, the telegram sent by the Congress to the sultan and the circular issued to the nation were included in the newspaper. When Atatürk left Sivas on December 18, 1919, the newspaper continued its publication. Published 138 issues in total, the newspaper continued its publication until the printing house burned down at the beginning of 192130.

Atatürk was in Ankara on 27 December 1919. Now the days of Ankara had begun. He had chosen Ankara as the center of the national war. He was staying at the Agricultural School in Keçiören. At that time, a newspaper was published in the Ankara provincial printing house; but this official gazette was irregular; It was unclear when it would be released. At the time of its release, provincial news and a couple of official news were published. On the second day of his arrival in Ankara, he decided to publish a new newspaper in this city. First he thought about what the name of the newspaper would be. Upon some suggestions from those around him, he was asked to name the new newspaper "Anadolu'nun Sesi" first. This decision was later overturned. In line with this decision, the newspaper Hâkimiyet-i Milliye was established on January 10, 1920. However, the thought of the voice of Anatolia, later it turned into an article with the title “Voices from Anatolia”, which is thought to have been written by Mustafa Kemal. There was no proper printing house to print the newspaper, there was no newspaper. On the other hand, the publication permission of the newspaper was obtained from the Ankara deputy governor, Yahya Galip. Recep Zühtü was appointed as the general manager. A small room for the newspaper was the place of administration when you climbed the narrow and wooden staircase. Mazhar Müfit Bey, who saw Ziya Gevher writing in one of the rooms, on the edge of a wooden table, under the light of an evil lamp numbered five, expresses those difficult days in his memoirs31. Later, two rooms were rented and the editorial board was placed in this room, on the first floor of Veli Han, close to the first great national assembly in Ankara's Ulus Square. The newspaper was printed in the printing house on the lower floor of the province. On the other hand, the publication permission of the newspaper was obtained from the Ankara deputy governor, Yahya Galip. Recep Zühtü was appointed as the general manager. A small room for the newspaper was the place of administration when you climbed the narrow and wooden staircase. Mazhar Müfit Bey, who saw Ziya Gevher writing in one of the rooms, on the edge of a wooden table, under the light of an evil lamp numbered five, expresses those difficult days in his memoirs31. Later, two rooms were rented and the editorial board was placed in this room, on the first floor of Veli Han, close to the first great national assembly in Ankara's Ulus Square. The newspaper was printed in the printing house on the lower floor of the province. On the other hand, the publication permission of the newspaper was obtained from the Ankara deputy governor, Yahya Galip. Recep Zühtü was appointed as the general manager. A small room for the newspaper was the place of administration when you climbed the narrow and wooden staircase. Mazhar Müfit Bey, who saw Ziya Gevher writing in one of the rooms, on the edge of a wooden table, under the light of an evil lamp numbered five, expresses those difficult days in his memoirs31. Later, two rooms were rented and the editorial board was placed in this room, on the first floor of Veli Han, close to the first great national assembly in Ankara's Ulus Square. The newspaper was printed in the printing house on the lower floor of the province. Mazhar Müfit Bey, who saw Ziya Gevher writing under the light of a bad number five lamp, expresses those difficult days in his memoirs31. Later, two rooms were rented and the editorial board was placed in this room, on the first floor of Veli Han, close to the first great national assembly in Ankara's Ulus Square. The newspaper was printed in the printing house on the lower floor of the province. Mazhar Müfit Bey, who saw Ziya Gevher writing under the light of a bad number five lamp, expresses those difficult days in his memoirs31. Later, two rooms were rented and the editorial board was placed in this room, on the first floor of Veli Han, close to the first great national assembly in Ankara's Ulus Square. The newspaper was printed in the printing house on the lower floor of the province.

In its first issue published on January 10, Hakimiyet-i Milliye took a firm stand. As emphasized in the editorial, the attitude of the newspaper was in favor of the homeland and the nation, and the sovereignty of the nation. The newspaper declared that he was a supporter of the Kuvay-ı Milliye.

In this process, Atatürk always continued to read. During the most difficult days of the War of Independence, he had Anadolu Agency established to follow world events and to announce what happened in Turkey to the world. He also expanded his view of world events and his intellectual infrastructure by constantly watching the domestic and foreign press, and reading books. Between the Battle of Sakarya and the Great Offensive, the pasha was reading and studying the History of Islam.

Studying at Atatürk was at the level of a passion. He could not create a regular library environment in his life story, which passed from war to war, from front to front. However, wherever he went, he wrote letters to his friends and asked for books to read. As someone who knows that every book is a life, he added life to his life from books. He assimilated every line he read and added it to himself. Authorship is a process that is "carried" after being fed and filled. Brain dollar; emotion develops; the way of life is enriched; maturity in the brain is reflected in the body and body language… Personality traits and character are shaped in the spiral of knowledge, emotion, morality and behavior. Since Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is an identity and personality with superior characteristics, there is nothing more natural than reading a lot. Especially if it is a development that reaches the dimension of journalism and authorship;

3.3. Other Books

He took examples from history; to whom he expressed his admiration; some hated it. For example, when commenting on Osman Pasha, the Hero of Silistra, "he saved the honor of the Turk"; for Napoleon; She took a stand against him, saying, "I don't like this man at all, because he dragged a whole nation after him for the sake of his own glory." He interpreted Jesus as well as Moses… He made comments on what religious and intellectual leaders did and achieved. He was influenced by every book he read, every thought leader and writer he knew; He has carefully formed his own personality. Mustafa Kemal was influenced by many events, people and books on his way to writing32. The book is a life without limits; In each book, personalities emerge and the reader enters into an endless dialogue with the sharpest minds of the past… Mustafa Kemal,

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is an intellectual who not only reads but also writes and tries to enlighten the society with his writings. Unfortunately, his writings are not well known to the public. Someone who sets out to understand Atatürk has to turn to two important processes. The first is to examine Atatürk's writings; The second is to read Atatürk's CV. However, after these are done, it is possible to turn to deeper analyzes. However, Turkish intellectuals did not make enough effort to write Atatürk's CV in Turkey. Nor can it be said that sufficient biography studies have been done that describe Atatürk's life story. Foreign writers wrote most of what was done; this is another aspect of the work that needs to be criticised… Although his articles were published from time to time by different institutions The delay in simplifying the language of these written works and the fact that these works were not included in the Turkish education curriculum at least prevented the recognition of Atatürk's authorship and his writings33. “Seeing me does not mean seeing my face. If you understand and feel my feelings and thoughts, that's enough!” said Atatürk himself. Instead of understanding and feeling Atatürk, society has been consciously or unconsciously directed to an image-based discourse and artificial stance. The most obvious proof of this is that Atatürk statues, most of which do not have aesthetic value, are made all over Turkey, and often empty public speeches are made in different environments. The society, for one reason or another, could not be directed to the process of getting to know Atatürk. It cannot be said that Turkish intellectuals knew Atatürk well enough. For example, a large number of so-called intellectuals and scientists appeared, who did not hesitate to write more than to say that he did not mention the word "Democracy" once in his life, just for the sake of making politics or to criticize Atatürk. With these words spoken with ignorant courage, so-called taboos were being destroyed, settled opinions were changed, and the way for a bright and democratic second republic was cleared. This attitude was "ignorant courage"; because after Mustafa Kemal's attempts to establish two political parties, he wrote a book to introduce democracy to the society, and then had it taught as a compulsory textbook in secondary schools. This approach, which was said without knowing or knowing, and which turned into an effort towards judgment and judgment rather than discourse, was a subject that needed to be emphasized on its own. John Lyly's quote sums it up well: “Empty vessel,

However, even so, Atatürk's writings are obvious. Both the articles he wrote to the newspapers and the notes he took; as well as his books… What did Cervantes say? “The pen is the language of the mind!”

What a true statement… Isn't the way to understand Atatürk not only to read what is written about him, but also to understand what he wrote? Let's add another quote from Bacon: "Reading fills a person, talking to people prepares, writing matures". The main books written directly by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk are as follows:

Complaints on Cumalı Camp, Nature Practice and Travel, Team Combat Training, Company Combat Training, Officer and Commander and Hasbıhal, Handling of Subject Matters and Copy of Orders; Arıburnu Battles Report, History of the Battle of Anafartalar, Karlsbat Memories, Diary, Speech, Civil Information, Geometry… And the Discourses and Statements that can be added to these… At the same time, in the History book published by the Ministry of Education in his period in four volumes, the History of Islam was written by him. known… Exactly fourteen books…

Two of these are translations from German. Mustafa Kemal translated two books from German General Litzmann: Team Combat Training and Division Combat Training… He published two books of this famous German General, who lived between 1850-1936, after translating them into Turkish. General Karl Litzmann was the former director of the Berlin Military Academy. While Mustafa Kemal was a senior staff captain at the 3rd Army Headquarters in Thessaloniki, he translated the first part of General Litzmann's "Combat Practices of Team, Company and Battalion in the Existence of Mobilization" from German to Turkish. It was printed in Asır Printing House in Thessaloniki in 1908. In the book, he explained what the combat methods of a fully present team should be in different weather conditions. In these conditions, when the necessity of forming a fighter line emerged, it was stated how the fire battle of this line would be. According to the work and Mustafa Kemal Pasha, officers should have been trained in the field. For this, the exercises were important. This book was followed by another translation from the same person. This book, which he published under the name of "Combat Training of the Division", covered the subjects of combat, defense and attack in settled areas. The settled places had their own specific defensive conditions. This situation inevitably imposed restrictions on movements. Topics such as cleaning fire areas, closing fireproof dead zones, defense order, progress and fire superiority are included in the book. The settled places had their own specific defensive conditions. This situation inevitably imposed restrictions on movements. Topics such as cleaning fire areas, closing fireproof dead zones, defense order, progress and fire superiority are included in the book. The settled places had their own specific defensive conditions. This situation inevitably imposed restrictions on movements. Topics such as cleaning fire areas, closing fireproof dead zones, defense order, progress and fire superiority are included in the book.

It is necessary to make one more point about these two studies. From time to time, some, in order to criticize Atatürk, claimed that he did not know a foreign language and therefore could not perceive world events. In these arguments, there was an attempt to distort as well as distort the worldview in which they took place, as well as to defame them. Everyone was going to reconstruct history and historical personalities from where they were and according to their point of view. While creating new historical heroes, they also developed a contemptuous attitude and demeanor to those who opposed them intellectually. For this reason, Mustafa Kemal was exposed to attacks from every direction, from his private life to his world of thought. These words and attitudes, which had no other meaning than to distort the truth, were also effective in misleading the society. Thus, Atatürk is misrepresented and is increasingly misrecognized by the society; With this, it was aimed to create a feeling of distrust in the political order created by Atatürk and the basic principles of the republic. As Atatürk said, segments of society have an obligation to be very vigilant against those who consider it their duty to mislead them. Truth is as real as ever; truth can never be changed anyway; but it can be mistranslated; with this mistranslation, society can be diverted in another direction. Some of the historical personalities, processes and phenomena may be prejudiced simply by the influence of daily political views. Such arguments were intended to create such a bias. Contrary to the claims that Atatürk did not know any foreign language, he knew French “very well”. He also learned Germany as a second language. He had enough German knowledge to translate these two books into Turkish from German, which he knew a little less than French. For those who make this criticism and attack; Let's remember this word. Quote by Bernard Shaw: “There is no force more terrifying than ignorance in action”. Atatürk also has other works related to military service. One of the most well-known of these bears the name of Cumalı Camp. Cumalı is a place name in Macedonia and is on the Köprülü-İstip road. A cavalry brigade under the command of Suphi Pasha was trained and maneuvered in this region; Mustafa Kemal, who participated in these maneuvers, wrote a book called "Cumalı Camp". He carefully noted down his observations during this 10-day exercise; it has been beneficial to publish it so that it can be useful to future generations. This work, which is a small handbook, was published in Thessaloniki in 1909. One of his books of this type was called “Tactics and Practice Trip”. In this work, Atatürk mainly dealt with the qualities of the person who was a commander. Not everything is predetermined rules. A good commander trains his unit in peacetime and prepares it for war. Demonstrates management skills at every stage. He would make up for the deficiencies skillfully and would be superior to his subordinates in every way. That wasn't enough to be a good commander. Personal courage, foreknowledge, and the ability to act at the most opportune time had to complement them. When this authority was established, the way to success was opened34. mainly focused on the qualities of the commander. Not everything is predetermined rules. A good commander trains his unit in peacetime and prepares it for war. Demonstrates management skills at every stage. He would make up for the deficiencies skillfully and would be superior to his subordinates in every way. That wasn't enough to be a good commander. Personal courage, foreknowledge, and the ability to act at the most opportune time had to complement them. When this authority was established, the way to success was opened34. mainly focused on the qualities of the commander. Not everything is predetermined rules. A good commander trains his unit in peacetime and prepares it for war. Demonstrates management skills at every stage. He would make up for the deficiencies skillfully and would be superior to his subordinates in every way. That wasn't enough to be a good commander. Personal courage, foreknowledge, and the ability to act at the most opportune time had to complement them. When this authority was established, the way to success was opened34. pre-intuition and the ability to do what he wanted to do at the most opportune time should complement them. When this authority was established, the way to success was opened34. pre-intuition and the ability to do what he wanted to do at the most opportune time should complement them. When this authority was established, the way to success was opened34.

Even these sentences give us clues of the general strategy he followed during the War of Independence. He predetermined what he wanted to do in the War of Independence; but put it in the implementation phase when conditions were ripe. In this process, he was able to skillfully direct his closest friends to a certain goal with his superior talent and art of management. All these skills came from the knowledge, experience and abilities he acquired during this period.

And the Speech, which is undoubtedly the most important epic of the War of Independence…

In one of his words Atatürk says:

accountable to the nation; consider it mandatory; to set out for this… Tense your chest; “I want to give account to my nation!” to be able to say; to do it, to be able to…

In the Nutuk, Atatürk gave an account to his nation before history and explained what he had done. He did it to explain why, how and for what purpose what was done, and revealed the difficulties he faced, the way and method he followed to overcome these difficulties. The text of the long speech, which started with "I landed in Samsun on May 19, 1919," first draws the image of the difficulty faced by the nation and the country after the Mondros Cessation. Then it deals with the invasions that started in Anatolia; Then, it examines step by step how the occupations developed, the collaborative attitude of Sultan Vahdettin and those around him in the face of these developments, and how the invading forces tried to make their work easier. The story of his departure to Anatolia, the reason behind it; After going to Anatolia, with civil-military bureaucracy, community leaders, how it interacted and mingled with local resistance organizations and the public; step by step conveys the national stance and the role it played in the organization of the resistance. Then internal uprisings, sultan's edicts, the efforts of the councils called "heyet-i advice" to break the national resistance reflexes, and finally the establishment of the parliament and the national army; It gives an epic account of the bloody showdowns with the enemy and the march towards Izmir at the end. He took the podium between 15-20 October 1927 at the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of the Republican People's Party in Ankara and made long speeches for six days. His speech lasted for a total of 36 hours, five days and six hours, and 6.5 hours on the last day. It was named Nutuk because it was based on a historical speech that lasted 36.5 hours and was read in six days at the Second Congress held in Ankara35.

Speech does not just tell the past of Turkish society as a story of the past. It also tells in an epic language how a nation fights for existence based on its own existence. It has great artistic value in terms of its narrative style. There is hardly any example in the world of a political leader giving such long speeches and giving an account to his society in order to enlighten his society. With this work, he not only gave an account to his nation. He aimed to tie the nation together around the sense of national unity that would determine the future of the country. Thus, the feeling of national sovereignty and full independence would come out of thought and become an ideal. While Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was walking towards the level he wanted to bring the society and political structure to the same level with Nutuk, he did his duty to warn about the dangers that could be put before him in this work. Not only that,

The Speech was first published in 1927 by the Turkish Teyyare Society in two volumes, one being the original text and the other documents, in Arabic letters. In the same year, a deluxe edition was published in a single volume. Since this first text became difficult to read after the writing revolution, it was reprinted in three volumes by the Ministry of National Education in 1934. Since then, many prints have been made. Undoubtedly, one of Atatürk's most original works is his work called “Geometry”. He wrote this work one and a half years before his death, in the winter of 1936-1937, at the Dolmabahçe Palace. II. The Turkish Language Congress had just ended. What is the reason of this? Why would someone like Atatürk feel the need to write such a book? Was Atatürk a geometer?

Of course it wasn't. However, let's pay attention to the following concept, for example. “With the name Müselles-i müsaviyul”… It was impossible for Turkish children, who could speak, understand and perceive Turkish from their mother's arms, to understand anything with these concepts, since the education in the curriculum, which was created with these and similar concepts and taught students geometry, mathematics and other positive sciences with them.

Müselles instead of triangle, surface instead of area; Calligraphy instead of line and many more complex Arabic words and concepts were creating complete anarchy in the brains. This confusion in language has been one of the most important factors preventing Turkish children from progressing in positive sciences. It was certainly not possible to proceed in this and similar sciences by starting from a geometrical form that could not be revived in the head and brain. Before the Republican period, some mathematics and geometry books were written. However, it was difficult for Turkish children, who had learned Turkish in their mother's arms and could not speak any other language, to learn. These books were written with incomprehensible concepts such as Müselles, murabba, calligraphy. "The area of ​​the triangle, This expression, which means that it is equal to the product of its base and height”, did not settle in the minds of Turkish children in any way. Let's give some examples: instead of divisor, "maximum", instead of division "split", instead of division "external kismet", instead of divisibility "ability-i taksim", "zarb" instead of cross, "mazrup" instead of multiplier, "instead of factoring" "discrimination for mazrubata" was used. And many others: “circle” instead of circle, “tarh” instead of subtraction, “arbitrary” instead of vertical, “goal” instead of limit, “aşar'i” instead of decimal, “exclusiveness” instead of simplification, “form” instead of numerator. Concepts such as “mahrec” instead of denominator, “hatt-ı mubas” instead of tangent were used. For this reason, society lagged behind in basic positive sciences. In these areas, scientific leaps could not be made due to the difficulty of perception created by language differences. In this case, the most important thing to do is

Atatürk sat down, started to write a Geometry book in the autumn of 1936 and published it in 1937. Thus, he wrote a geometry book with understandable concepts in accordance with the rules of Turkish, and tried to prove that Turkish could be a language of science. He didn't stop there. He went to Sivas on 13 November 1937. He attended a geometry/hendese class in the building where the Sivas Congress was held. In this lesson, he talked to the students and asked them some questions. Geometry lesson was tried to be explained with old concepts with difficulty. The subject was the Pythagorean theory. During the lesson, he once again identified the difficulty of learning and teaching mathematics in old terms; then he said that information cannot be given in these incomprehensible terms and that the lessons should be explained in Turkish terms;

Thus, he tried to show that a geometry book could be written with these Turkicized concepts. Today, in schools in Turkey, millions of Turkish children and youth are learning positive sciences morning and evening with the concepts that Atatürk introduced into Turkish, often without knowing that it was Atatürk who translated these concepts into Turkish. Generations spanning millions have been trained in these concepts; new generations took their place. Generations have changed; but these words always remained.

Conclusion

Unfortunately, one of the least known aspects of Atatürk is his journalism and writing. Most of the individuals in Turkish society who had a so-called Kemalist education do not know that he was an author who wrote more than 14 books, and that he was trying to publish a newspaper in order to enlighten the public in very critical and difficult times of history. Atatürk's books were almost never read except for a certain curious audience and intellectual. Apart from this, it is extremely sad to see that many writers who wrote books on Atatürk and thought that they were trying to enlighten the society were unaware of these works. Atatürk is known by learning; it is understood to the extent that it is recognized and its thoughts are put into practice. To criticize without knowing and learning and gradually to engage in wrong approach, attitude and evaluation about it, it means nothing more than "falsifying" history and historical personalities. Unfortunately, Atatürk is not known enough in his own society today. Of course, a thinker whose works are not read has no opportunity to know the world of thought. Unfortunately, Atatürk's books have not been published or have not been published sufficiently by the state institutions that have undertaken duties in this regard. When it was done, this printing action was often carried out in the language of that period. His works published in this genre are almost impossible for today's generations to understand due to the change in language. Although the large-scale publication titled All Works of Atatürk, which was published by the source publications, seems to make up for this shortcoming somewhat, it cannot be said that it entered the general libraries sufficiently and that individuals did not show the necessary importance to this work.

For this reason, it is necessary to question why the society and intellectuals are not interested in these books, or at least why they are ignored by a certain group.

Just as it is questioned why Atatürk's biographies have been written mostly by foreigners and Turkish writers have not written enough Atatürk biographies until now.

SOURCE

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KOCATÜRK, Utkan Atatürk's Ideas and Thoughts, Atatürk Research Center pub., Ankara, 1999.

MUSTAFA KEMAL, Officer and Commander and Hasbihal, Türkiye İş Bankası Culture spring., İstanbul, 2006.

OUTRAM, Dorinda, Enlightenment, (Trans. M. Hamit Caliskan, Sevda Caliskan), Dost Pub., Ankara, 2008.

ÖKTEM, Haydar Rustu, Armistice and Occupation Memories, (June Zeki Arıkan), TTK spring., Ankara, 1991.

ÖNDER, Mehmet, “How the National Struggle's Newspaper Hakimiyet-i Milliye Was Published?” Journal of Atatürk Research Center, VII/20 (March, 1999).

ÖZKAYA, Yücel, Atatürk and the Press in the National Struggle: (1919-1921), TTK spring., Ankara, 1989.

ŞAPOLYO, Enver Behnan, Turkish Journalism History and All Its Aspects, Press, Güven Press, Ankara, 1969.

ÖZTOPRAK, İzzet, Turkish Press in the War of Independence, Türkiye İş Bankası pub., Ankara, 1981.

ŞENALP, Leman, “Atatürk's Passion for Reading”, Atatürk Research Center Journal, V/14 (1989).

TASLAMAN, Caner, Quantum Theory, Philosophy and God, Caner spring., Istanbul, 2008.

TEVETOĞLU, Fethi, “The Newspaper Published by Atatürk and Okyar: Minbar”, Atatürk Research Center Journal, V/13 (1988).

TEZER, Şükrü, Atatürk's Diary, TTK pub., Ankara, 1972.

TURAN, Şerafettin, Events Affecting Atatürk's World of Thought, Thinkers, Books, TTK Pub., Ankara, 1981.

TÜFEKÇİ, Gürbüz, The Books Atatürk Read, Türkiye İş Bankası Publishing, İstanbul, 1983.

YILDIRIM, Hüseyin, “İrade-i Milliye Newspaper”, Atatürk Research Center Journal, VIII/23 (March, 1992).

1 Although there are many works describing this process, see, for example, Dorinda Outram, Enlightenment, (Trans. M. Hamit Caliskan, Sevda Caliskan), Dost Pub., Ankara, 2008; see also Enlightenment Symposium, Ottoman Bank Archive and Research Center, Istanbul, 2007.

2 Caner Taslaman, Quantum Theory, Philosophy and God, Caner spring., Istanbul, 2008.

3 Gürbüz Tüfekçi, The Books Atatürk Read, Türkiye İş Bankası Publishing, İstanbul, 1983. Again, see. Leman Şenalp, “Atatürk's Passion for Reading”, Journal of Atatürk Research Center, V/14, (1989), pp369-377; Sadi Borak, “Atatürk's Books and His Library”, Journal of Atatürk Research Center, IX/25 (November, 1992), pp.72-83; see also: The Books Atatürk Read, (24 Volumes), Anıtkabir Association pub., Ankara, 2001.

4 Şerafettin Turan, Events Affecting Atatürk's World of Thought, Thinkers, Books, TTK Pub., Ankara, 1981.

5 This subject is mentioned in the sections that Atatürk tells about his life and in all of the bibliographic works dealing with his life. For example, see Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam, I, Remzi Bookstore, 3rd edition, İstanbul, ty, p.78 and d.

6 Turan, supra, p.38 and d.

7 Ibid., pp5-8.

8 Uluğ İğdemir, The Life of Atatürk: 1881-1918, TTK spring., Ankara, 1989.

9 To see in detail which authors Atatürk read in this period, see. Turan, supra, pp. 18–24.

10 A memory describing this “defeat” in the Balkan War: Rahmi Apak, Memoirs of a Seventy-Seven Officer, TTK spring., Ankara, 1988.

11 For this work, which has been published many times, see. Mustafa Kemal, Officer and Commander and Hasbihal, Türkiye İş Bankası Culture spring., Istanbul, 2006.

12 Books were first published by Hasan Ali Yücel in 1956 as the Culture publication of Türkiye İş Bankası during the republican era.

13 Turan, supra, p.7.

14 Ibid., p.7.

15 These notes taken by Atatürk were published by Şükrü Tezer: See. Atatürk's Diary, TTK spring., Ankara, 1972.

16 Both of these works were published by Uluğ İğdemir. See. Kemal Atatürk, Arıburnu Battles Report, (Pub. Uluğ İğdemir), TTK pub., Ankara, 1990; same author, History of the Battle of Anafartalar, (Pub. Uluğ İğdemir), TTK spring., Ankara, 1990.

17 İsmet Görgülü, “A Bunch of Commands and Reports Not Included in Atatürk's 'Arıburnu Battles Report' and 'History of the Anafartalar Communications'”, Atatürk Research Center Journal, VII/ 19 (November, 1990).

18 Aydemir, supra, p.370 and d.

19 Fethi Tevetoğlu, “The Newspaper Published by Atatürk and Okyar: Minbar”, Journal of Atatürk Research Center, V/ 13 (1988), p. 184.

20 Agm, p.185.

21 Erol Kaya, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's First Newspaper Minber, Ebabil spring., Ankara, 2007; see again Same author, “News About Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Minber Newspaper”, Erzincan Education Faculty. Journal, VI/2 (2004).

22 Falih Rıfkı Atay, Atatürk's Memoirs: 1914–1918, Ankara, 1965, p.89; act again Agm, p.77.

23 Agm, p.77.

24 Tevetoglu, agm, p.185.

25 Şerafettin Turan, “M. Kemal Atatürk Cannot Be the Speaker of the Minber Newspaper”; Contemporary Turkish Language, Issue 12 (February, 1989), pp557–559.

26 Haydar Rüştü Öktem, Armistice and Occupation Memories, (June Zeki Arıkan), TTK spring., Ankara, 1991.

27 Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Speech, State Press, Istanbul, 1938, p.9.

28 İzzet Öztoprak, Turkish Press in the War of Independence, Türkiye İş Bankası pub., Ankara, 1981.

29 The facsimile of İrade-i Milliye newspaper was later published as a one-volume work by the Municipality of Sivas: İrade-i Milliye: (With Prints and New Letters), Buruciye spring., Sivas, 2007.

30 On the subject, see. Hüseyin Yıldırım, “İrade-i Milliye Newspaper”, Journal of Atatürk Research Center, VIII/23 (March, 1992), pp. 325-330; Also, the following works on the subject can be viewed: Ömer Sami Coşar, National Struggle Press, Journalists Association Yay., ty, p. 113.; Yücel Özkaya, Atatürk and the Press in the National Struggle: (1919-1921), TTK pub., 1989, pp. 60-61; Enver Behnan Şapolyo, The History of Turkish Journalism and the Press with All Its Aspects, Güven Press, Ankara, 1969; İzzet Öztoprak, supra, p.385.

31 Mazhar Müfit Kansu, Together with Atatürk From Erzurum Until His Death, II., Ankara, 1968, p. 503; see also Mehmet Önder, “How was the National Struggle's Newspaper Hakimiyet-i Milliye Published?”, Atatürk Research Center Journal, VII/20 (March, 1999).

32 Şerafettin Turan, Events Affecting Atatürk's World of Thought, Thinkers, Books, TTK spring., Ankara, 1981; see again Sadi Borak, Atatürk and Literature, Kaynak spring., Istanbul, 1998; Atatürk's views on these historical personalities can be found in the following work: Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk's Ideas and Thoughts, Atatürk Research Center pub., Ankara, 1999.

33 First, the Turkish Historical Society published some of Atatürk's works. Then, the General Staff published his books on military service. It is a commendable work that the source publications compile all of Atatürk's works, as well as all his writings, in his book.

34 Atatürk's books on military service were published as small handbooks by Genkur ATASE (Military History and Strategic Studies Presidency); He also took part in the comprehensive work titled All Works of Atatürk published by Kaynak Publishing.

35 İsmail Arar, “The Scope, Quality and Purpose of the Great Speech”, 50th Anniversary Seminar of Atatürk's Great Speech, TTK spring., Ankara, 1980, pp126-127.

36 For an important study on the subject by many authors, see. Turkish as the Language of Science, Culture and Teaching, TTK spring., Ankara, 2001.

Kemal ARI*

* Assoc. Dr. Director of Dokuz Eylul University, Ataturk's Principles and Revolution History Institute,

Source:  Ç TTAD, V/13, (2006/Fall), pp 3–23