National holidays and commemoration days are undoubtedly the days when individuals who make up a nation experience the feeling of unity and togetherness most intensely. The individuals who make up the nation experience the excitement and enthusiasm of belonging to their own nation, in the spirit of national solidarity and unity, on these national days. They feel the need to express their national ideals on different platforms. On such days, the anxieties of daily life are avoided and a prudent evaluation of the past is made. Barren views are set aside; The future is viewed with a higher ideal. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk explains the importance of this mood in his famous speech at the tenth anniversary celebrations of the republic with the words: "The Turkish Nation has overcome all difficulties with national unity and solidarity"1.

The recent history of the Turkish Nation is full of such great events that are worth commemorating and celebrating. The most important of these events is undoubtedly the Turkish War of Independence and the great Turkish Revolution realized at the end of this war, which is a multifaceted, multidimensional process that the westerners called the "Turkish Miracle", which the Turkish Nation realized under the leadership of Atatürk2. This great revolution movement is one of the most magnificent events in the world and one of the most important events in its natural environment. Atatürk, this great event that took place at a point where all different cultures came together: “The aim of the revolutions we have made and are making is to make the people of the Republic of Turkey a completely modern and civilized society in all its meaning and form. This is the real principle of our revolution”.

Atatürk's words alone are enough for us to understand how comprehensive the Turkish Revolution was. This revolution, unlike many revolutions, aims to radically change the social, political, economic and cultural structure from which it emerged. As a social phenomenon, there are some phases that every revolutionary movement goes through. These phases are: 1- Intellectual preparation; 2- Revolution (Sovereignty changing hands); 3- It is the process of establishing institutions and concepts. The Turkish Revolution also lived through these three phases in successive stages. The Turkish War of Independence constitutes the second phase of this great revolutionary movement. So much so, that this great historical phenomenon is only the Turkish Nation and the occupied Turkish Homeland, the Turkish Nation's "Ya İstiklal, It does not consist of the processes of either saving the invaders from the invaders as a result of the life-and-death struggle that has been clamped around the slogan of "Death" or taking the sovereignty from the sultan and giving it to the nation. In addition, as an example to all oppressed oppressed nations, he paved the way for freedom and independence4. Every day of this glorious movement, every stage of which is an epic, is important to be remembered as a national day. For example, Amasya Circular, Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, I. and II. The Battle of İnönü, the National Pact of 28 January 1920, the Battle of Sakarya, the Tekalif-i Milliye Emirs are just a few of the many events of such importance. Every day of this glorious movement, every stage of which is an epic, is important to be remembered as a national day. For example, Amasya Circular, Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, I. and II. The Battle of İnönü, the National Pact of 28 January 1920, the Battle of Sakarya, the Tekalif-i Milliye Emirs are just a few of the many events of such importance. Every day of this glorious movement, every stage of which is an epic, is important to be remembered as a national day. For example, Amasya Circular, Erzurum and Sivas Congresses, I. and II. The Battle of İnönü, the National Pact of 28 January 1920, the Battle of Sakarya, the Tekalif-i Milliye Emirs are just a few of the many events of such importance.

Four important historical events, which are among these important events, are celebrated as national Turkish holidays today. These National Turkish Holidays are: 1-19 May: Youth and Sports Day; 2-23 April: National Sovereignty and Children's Day; 3-30 August Victory Day; 4- 29 October: Republic Day...

These four important dates, with their historical formation order and meaning, constitute the most important phases of the Turkish War of Independence. These four important national days reveal an excellent panorama of the Turkish War of Independence. We can say that the Turkish War of Independence was formed in the spiritual triangle of 19 May 1919, 23 April 1920 and 30 August 1922, and as a result, the modern Turkish Republic was established on 29 October 1923. May 19, 1919 is the day when Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk set foot on Anatolian lands in Samsun and started the Turkish National Struggle. This date is also the beginning of the Anatolian Revolution Movement. April 23, 1920, the date of the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly and August 30, 1922 is the date of the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, which resulted in victory for the Turkish Nation. Veteran Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Born like a morning star on the horizon of Samsun on May 19, 1919, to break the chain of captivity that was wanted to be put around the neck of the Turkish Nation, at a time when the Turkish Nation was going through the darkest and most hopeless days of its history; He laid the foundations of the young Turkish Republic by opening the Turkish Grand National Assembly on April 23, 1920, and broke the enemy's backbone in the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, which took place in Dumlupınar on 30 August 1922, and opened the doors to enlightenment and civilization for his nation. At the end of this process, His; The republic, which he said "is my greatest work", was proclaimed.5 laid the foundations of the young Turkish Republic, breaking the enemy's backbone in the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, which took place in Dumlupınar on August 30, 1922, and opened the doors to enlightenment and civilization for his nation. At the end of this process, His; The republic, which he said "is my greatest work", was proclaimed.5 laid the foundations of the young Turkish Republic, breaking the enemy's backbone in the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief, which took place in Dumlupınar on August 30, 1922, and opened the doors to enlightenment and civilization for his nation. At the end of this process, His; The republic, which he said "is my greatest work", was proclaimed.5

The historical meanings of Turkish National Holidays and the historical course of their acceptance as a holiday can be discussed as follows:

1- 19 May Youth and Sports Day:

Believing that the Ottoman Empire had actually completed its life at the end of the First World War, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, as the 9th Army (later the 3rd Army) Inspector, boarded the Bandırma Ferry with his entourage on May 16, 1919. He had departed from Samsun to go to Samsun. Passing through İnebolu and Sinop on May 17-18, Mustafa Kemal Pasha set foot on Anatolian lands from Samsun dock on the morning of May 19, 19196. The day of May 19, 1919 was a new light of hope for the Turkish Nation, which was going through dark days. In the famous Great Speech, which he read in 36.5 hours for six consecutive days at the second extraordinary congress of the Republican People's Party in 1927, Atatürk said: “I went to Samsun on the 19th of May, 1919. With the sentences that he started by saying “The Situation and the Landscape-i Umumiye”, He expresses the situation of the Turkish Nation and the state on May 19, 1919, the day of the beginning of the Turkish National Struggle7. As he explained, the group that the Ottoman Empire was in was defeated in the First World War, the Ottoman Army was damaged on all sides, and an armistice with heavy conditions was signed. During the long years of the Great War, the nation fell into a tired and poor state; Those who led the nation and country to war had fled the country, worrying about their own lives. Sultan Vahdettin, who occupied the sultanate and the caliphate, hesitantly sought measures to save himself and his throne. The cabinet, headed by Damat Ferit Pasha, who formed the government, was “poor, dishonest, cowardly; was subject only to the will of the sultan. The Allied Powers do not see the need to comply with the terms of the armistice, On one occasion, the Entente Powers and their soldiers were occupying the Turkish lands, which was the Ancestral Homeland piece by piece. Armenians in the east, Pontus gangs in the north, Armenian Patriarch Zaven Efendi and Mavri Mira were working in Istanbul. In the public opinion, there were studies based on the American Mandate, British Protectorate and Territorial Liberation. Many associations were established and contacts were made. However, Atatürk did not see logic and accuracy in any of these decisions. Because all the evidence and logic on which these decisions were based were rotten and baseless. In fact, the foundations of the Ottoman Empire had collapsed and its life had come to an end. Ottoman Homelands were completely disintegrated. According to Atatürk, only a handful of ancestral homes remained there. The last issue was to provide the division of this too. The Ottoman Empire, its independence, the sultan, the caliph, the government; they were all just a bunch of meaningless words that had no meaning. There was only one decision; “And that is to establish a new Turkish State based on national sovereignty, unconditionally and unconditionally fully independent”8. Atatürk said in his Great Speech: “Here is the decision that we thought before leaving Istanbul and that we started to implement as soon as we set foot on Anatolian lands in Samsun”9.

Indeed, for Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a historical mission had begun the moment he landed in Anatolia in Samsun. In the next phases, sovereignty would gradually pass from the Sultan to the nation, and the Ottoman Empire would be administered from two hands, step by step10. As the fronts of the national struggle in Anatolia expand, the effectiveness of the idea of ​​“national sovereignty” will increase; As the sultan and his close circle cooperated with the British in Istanbul, step by step he would approach the border of "betrayal". Anatolia would dominate Istanbul step by step, day by day. Wherever he went, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was among the people, instilling the spirit of national unity and solidarity in the nation, giving them the determination to fight. Like the Istanbul Government, he was trying to activate them, not to calm them down. Again, he does not just act as a commander, he contacts governors, commanders and national organizations. He was informing the Turkish nation of the bad situation they were in, listening to the people's problems and looking for a solution to these problems. Thus, Mustafa Kemal Pasha took his place in history as a leader who organized congresses and meetings and took decisions on behalf of the people, together with the people”. The Turkish Nation, which had not consented to captivity throughout history, was reborn with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on May 19, 1919, taking strength from its glorious past of seven thousand years. The section that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk trusted most in this national struggle was undoubtedly the Turkish Youth12. In the darkest days of the country, when a deep pessimism prevailed in all sections of the public opinion, Atatürk saw the love of freedom in the Turkish Youth, was both proud and proud of it. As early as 1918; “Despite everything, we are definitely walking towards a light. The force that keeps this faith alive in me,

Turkish Youth has made great sacrifices in the last quarter century, indisputably. In the Turkish War of Independence; The anthem that started with the verses "The mountain is covered with smoke/Gümüş stream does not stop" became the anthem of the Turkish Youth, and a whole youth has sung this anthem with enthusiasm since those years14. In a speech he made at the Ankara Community Center, Atatürk evaluated the day of May 19, 1919 and the historical meaning of the “Youth Anthem” with these words: “The day I landed in Samsun in May 1919, I had no financial strength in my hands. There was only a high and spiritual force that was born from the nobility of the great Turkish nation and filled my conscience. So, I started to work by trusting this national force, this Turkish nation. I was driving from Samsun to Anatolia in a broken car... While that broken car was driving through Anatolia, I always thought and made my aide to sing the anthem "The Mountain Has Been Smoke". I was so sure that one day a sun would rise from the Turkish horizons, that its movement and strength would warm us and that it would give us strength that I could almost see it with my own eyes. My purpose in making that anthem sung and repeated was to explain that when the sun rises, the Turk will be successful15.

Youth, as Atatürk understood, meant “young-minded”. Young minded means “real minded” who sees and understands the truth16. As a matter of fact, during the days of the Sivas Congress, while many important people around him were defending the American Mandate as a way of salvation, a young man named Hikmet Bey, who attended the congress on behalf of the Military Medical School students, said: “We cannot accept the mandate. If there are those who accept, whoever they are, we will reject them and consider them guilty”, and then turning to Mustafa Kemal Pasha: His outcry saying, 'We call it 'not the motherland,' and we condemn it', revealed how right Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in trusting the youth so much. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, against this exciting exit of Hikmet Bey, Turning to the delegates present at the congress: “Friends! Look at the youth! Pay attention to the expression of the noble blood in the Turkish national body," he said, then turned to Hikmet Bey and concluded his words as follows: "Son, be happy! I am proud of the youth and I trust the youth. Even if we remain in poverty, we will not accept the mandate. Our password is unique and does not change. Either independence or death". Upon these words of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Hikmet Bey, who said "I'm Varol Pasha", kissed Mustafa Kemal Pasha's hand; Mustafa Kemal Pasha kissed Hikmet Bey on the forehead. Then Atatürk said his famous words: “Young people! All the hope and future of the homeland depend on you, the understanding and energy of the generations. “Son, be safe! I am proud of the youth and I trust the youth. Even if we remain in poverty, we will not accept the mandate. Our password is unique and does not change. Either independence or death". Upon these words of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Hikmet Bey, who said "I'm Varol Pasha", kissed Mustafa Kemal Pasha's hand; Mustafa Kemal Pasha kissed Hikmet Bey on the forehead. Then Atatürk said his famous words: “Young people! All the hope and future of the homeland depend on you, the understanding and energy of the generations. “Son, be safe! I am proud of the youth and I trust the youth. Even if we remain in poverty, we will not accept the mandate. Our password is unique and does not change. Either independence or death". Upon these words of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Hikmet Bey, who said "I'm Varol Pasha", kissed Mustafa Kemal Pasha's hand; Mustafa Kemal Pasha kissed Hikmet Bey on the forehead. Then Atatürk said his famous words: “Young people! All the hope and future of the homeland depend on you, the understanding and energy of the generations. He famously said: “Young people! All the hope and future of the homeland depend on you, the understanding and energy of the generations. He famously said: “Young people! All the hope and future of the homeland depend on you, the understanding and energy of the generations.

Atatürk's words expressing his trust in the Turkish Youth are too many to be discussed one by one. Indeed, the leading people of both the action and the thought dimension of the National Struggle consisted of young people. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as the architect and leader of the Turkish Revolution, achieved important successes when he was still very young. Atatürk was only 25 when he founded the Vatan ve Hürriyet Cemiyeti, 35 while he was fighting for the defense of the homeland at the Çanakkale Front; When he went to Samsun on May 19, 1919, he was 38 years old. Famous commanders such as İsmet Pasha, Kazım (Özalp) Pasha, Rauf Bey, Refet Bele, Ali Fuat Cebesoy and Kazım Karabekir 37-38; Famous literary and intellectual men such as Ruşen Eşref, Yakup Kadri, Falih Rıfkı Atay and Yahya Kemal were 25-30 years old18. No leader in history has trusted the youth as much as Atatürk, and has not been integrated with the youth as much as him19. He has entrusted the republic, which he says is "my greatest work", to the Turkish Youth, which he trusts endlessly. "Youth! Young people who undertake to realize my future ambitions! I am very glad and happy that one day I will leave this country to a youth like you who understand me," said Atatürk, and believes that the future will bring bright and happy days for the Turkish Nation, thanks to the Turkish Youth20.

Atatürk gifted 19 May, the day the Turkish War of Independence started, as a national holiday to the Turkish Youth. Anniversaries of this important date were accepted as "Youth and Sports Day" with the law numbered 3466 on 20 June 1938. The 593 km Youth and Sports Day Run adds a different meaning to this national holiday, which is celebrated with physical education and sports performances all over Turkey.

2- April 23 National Sovereignty and Children's Day

April 23, 1920 is the date when the Turkish Grand National Assembly, which organized and carried out the liberation struggle of the Turkish Nation, was opened at a time when the darkest days witnessed in Turkish History were experienced. With the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the foundations of the young Turkish Republic were laid. In the most depressing days of the War of Independence, while his last ancestral homeland was occupied step by step, Atatürk established a national assembly in Ankara, namely the Turkish Grand National Assembly, in order to establish the national organization in Anatolia on a legitimate basis and to initiate the historical process that would give sovereignty to the nation. predicted the opening. According to him, this assembly would serve as a “meclis-i muessesan”, that is, a council of founders. Thus, he would abolish the sultanate, which was based on personal sovereignty, and would bring the republican regime by giving the sovereignty to the nation21. Thus, Considering the opening of the parliament more important than the establishment of the national army, which will wage the armed struggle in these difficult days, Yunus Nadi's question about why he spent time with the opening of the parliament instead of forming an army in these difficult days; He replied, “First the assembly, then the army”22. According to him, this assembly would lead the Turkish Nation, which provided the national organization in Anatolia, to victory, and would be the steering center of the national movement.

As long as Mustafa Kemal Pasha was in Ankara, he lived in the building located in the Ankara Train Station, which was later turned into the Atatürk Museum. This building, which became the center of all important decisions, opened its doors to many colorful figures of that day. Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha named this building 'Steering Building'. This idiom was used to express the control, view and conduct of the nation's affairs from this center. On the evening of April 23, 1920, the day when the Turkish Grand National Assembly was opened, Atatürk had a conversation meeting with some of his friends. Yunus Nadi, Ruşen Eşref, Hacı Feyzullah Efendi and Mazhar Müfit Bey, who later became the Head of the Teachers' Union, were also present in this conversation, and their friends said: “Paşam! Today we opened the Grand National Assembly. We declared this to all our nation and the Allied Powers. But what's the name of today?" had asked the question. Atatürk gave the following answer to this question: “Gentlemen! The Ottoman Empire dominated the fate of this nation for 600 years. Today, although the Ottoman Empire is partially dissolved, it has a government in Istanbul. Next to the Ottoman Empire, the parliament we opened today remains a child. So let's call today's Children's Day. Let this child grow up and declare his own victory”.

Indeed, this great assembly made the Turkish Nation, which was wanted to be erased from the stage of history, rushed from victory to victory, and became a sacred place where the sovereignty of the nation came into being.

Atatürk gifted this important day, April 23, as the "National Sovereignty and Children's Day" to Turkish children in 1928.

The opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly was celebrated as the "National Sovereignty" holiday, starting in 1921. The celebration of this important historical day as "Children's Day" besides "National Sovereignty" was realized and put into practice with a circular issued by the Himaye-i Etfal Society (Child Protection Agency) to its own organization. This is how the week between April 23-29 was celebrated as "Children's Day". The first day of this week is celebrated as “Children's Day”23. Atatürk attended the first celebrations of the “National Sovereignty and Children's Day” by coming to a ball held at Pera Palace24. The Turkish Grand National Assembly legalized a motion given on May 27, 1935 under the name of “Law on National Holidays and General Holidays”; With this law, on April 23, It was established on a legal basis as "National Sovereignty and Children's Day". After the 12” September 1980 Military Operation, the Military Administration removed the concept of “National Sovereignty” from the name of the holiday on March 17, 1981, and in 1981 and 1982, 23 April was celebrated only as “Children's Day”. With a change made on April 20, 1983, this important day was once again counted as "National Sovereignty and Children's Day"; Since then, it has been celebrated under this name25.

3- August 30 Victory Day

Atatürk, for the Victory of the Commander-in-Chief on August 30: “The Battle of 30 August constitutes the most important turning point in Turkish History. Our national history is full of great and brilliant victories. However, I don't remember a battle as decisive as the victory of the Turkish Nation here, and effective in giving a new trend to all history, not only our history, but also the history of the world”26.

According to Atatürk, the foundation of the Young Turkish Republic was laid here; Turkish blood shed in this field, the spirits of martyrs wandering in this sky were the eternal guardians of our state and republic27. With this victory, the Greek Army, which entered the Turkish Homeland, was drowned in the “harim-i ismet” (clean bosom) of the Turkish Nation28. In another speech, Atatürk says the following about this victory, which he considers as the "Battle of the Greek Sındigi": "This Anatolian Victory is the most powerful and life-giving force in an idea that has been fully embraced by a nation in history. It will remain a good example. After demolishing and overcoming all the obstacles that stand before us, we will now produce (provide) whatever is necessary to live happily, prosperously and freely within the boundaries drawn by the National Pact.

At the end of the Great Offensive, the 30 August Victory, in which the backbone of the enemy was broken, ensured the re-existence of the Turkish Nation. The main parts of the enemy army were destroyed on 30 August at Dumlupınar. One day after the victory of the 30 August Pitched Battle (31 August 1922), this victory was named “The Battle of the Commander-in-Chief” by İsmet Pasha. The second anniversary of the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief was celebrated in Dumlupınar with a ceremony attended by Atatürk. The Great Leader made a meaningful speech that day, emphasizing the importance of this great victory. 30

The law on the celebration of August 30 as the Victory Day was passed by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on April 1, 1926 and has been celebrated as Victory Day ever since.

4- 29 October Republic Day

Undoubtedly, one of the most important dimensions of the Turkish Revolution is that sovereignty was taken from the will of the individual and given to the nation. In fact, on April 23, 1920,. This was actually achieved with the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. However, it had to be made into a legal form of state.

Atatürk had implemented the principle of “national sovereignty” step by step from the beginning of the War of Independence. He summarized national sovereignty in three words: “National sovereignty means the honor, honor and dignity of our nation”31.

Until the proclamation of the Republic on October 29, 1923, great steps had been taken to give sovereignty to the nation. In fact, even before he set foot on Anatolian lands from Samsun, Atatürk had the idea of ​​establishing a fully independent, new Turkish State based on national sovereignty32. The Amasya Circular, the congresses, especially the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, were great steps towards giving sovereignty to the nation. Immediately after the victory of the Great Victory, the Sultanate was abolished on November 1, 1922, and on October 24, 1923, the Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted the day and night of November 1, 1922, when the sultanate was abolished and the realization of the national sovereignty was finalized as the “Day of Domination”. He had passed a law allowing

The term "National Domination" meant "Republican Regime" in the political literature. The infrastructure for this was prepared in stages after the 19th of May. For example, during the Erzurum Congress, Atatürk made Mazhar Müfit (Kansu) Bey note that the future form of government would be a republic34.

On the night of October 28, 1923, at the meeting where İsmet Pasha, Kazım Pasha, Fethi Bey, Rize Deputy Fuat and Afyon Deputy Ruşen Eşref were present, he said: “Tomorrow we will declare the republic”. These close friends also agreed with this idea. That night, after his other guests left, Atatürk prepared a draft law together with İsmet Pasha, which was presented to the Turkish Grand National Assembly the next day. After long discussions and debates, this proposal was legalized with the vote and accepted as “the form of government of the Turkish State35”. Mehmet Emin Bey (Yurdakul); “I want the foundations of this government to be as solid as the foundations of supply. I hope that they will stand up and celebrate three times in front of the spirit of the Republic, "Long live the Republic," and the deputies stood up and shouted "Long live the Republic" three times36. On the same day, Atatürk was unanimously elected as the first president of the Republic of Turkey. After the presidential election, the proclamation of the republic was celebrated with 101 guns37.

The proclamation of the republic, as the most important national holiday of the Republic of Turkey, was accepted as a national holiday with the law numbered 628, which was enacted on April 19, 1924, about six months after 29 October. was expanded with the law numbered 2305 enacted in 1931. Thus, the rule of throwing 21 balls was introduced during the celebrations. In 1935, with the law numbered 2739, all national holidays except religious holidays were included in the same scope and previous laws were repealed. A new regulation was made regarding the Republic Day38.

Republic Day was celebrated with special programs in celebration of the 10th and 50th anniversary of the Republic. Special anthems were composed for these anniversaries. Official institutions participated in the 50th Anniversary celebrations by preparing publications and exhibitions showing the level they have reached in 50 years. These special anniversaries were celebrated with great enthusiasm all over Turkey. Atatürk personally attended the 10th Anniversary Celebrations and said, “10. He made a meaningful speech known as “Year Speech”; To the Turkish Nation: “I sincerely wish you to celebrate this great nation's holiday with greater honors, happiness, peace and prosperity in every ten years that flow into eternity. Happy is the one who says I am a Turk!”39.

1 Atatürk's Discourses and Statements, C.I1, Ankara, 1981, p.275; EZ Karal, Thoughts from Atatürk. MEB spring.. Istanbul. 1986, p.45.

2 See. Vehbi Tanfer. “Turkish War of Independence: The Problem of Its Scope and Method”, Journal of Atatürk Research Center. C. VII/20 (1991), pp.323-330.

3 Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Speech, State Press, Istanbul, 1938, p.589. EZ. Karal, supra, p.45.

4 For studies on this subject, see: Universal Dimensions of Atatürk's Thoughts and Practices: International Symposium (2 November - 6 November 1981), Ankara University pub., Ankara, 1983; see also: V. Tanfer, agm, çşt. p.

5 See: Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk and the History of the Republic of Turkey, Ankara, 1983, p.40; Yunus Nadi, Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Samsun, Sel Yay., Istanbul, 1955, p. 12-15.

6 U. Kocaturk. w.w.e.. p.4l; Yunus Nadi. age, p. 12-15.

7 Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Speech, sl

8 Ibid., p.9.

9 Ibid., p.9

10 Selahattin Tansel. From Mondros to Mudanya, CI, MEB spring.. Ankara, 1977, 239

11 Ataturk. He accepted May 19 as his birthday. Afet Inan, Memoirs and Documents About Ataturk, Is Bankasi pub.. Ankara, 1981, pp.7-8.

12 See. V. Tanfer, “Atatürk and Turkish Youth”, Journal of Atatürk Research Center, VI/ 18 (July 1990), p. 697-705.

13 See. EZ Karal, supra, p.96.

14 The lyrics of this anthem, which was adapted to the music of the Swedish Community Centers Anthem in 1916, was sung by Ali Ulvi (Elöve), one of the music teachers of Kadıköy Teachers' School, and Violonist Zeki Üngör, one of the music teachers of the same school. It was sung in the İttihad-ı Terakki Meadow.

15 Atatürk's Speeches and Statements, V.II, p.284.

16 See: Utkan Kocatürk, “The Concept of Youth in Atatürk and the Characteristics of Kemalist Youth”, Kemalist Thought. Ankara, 1992, p. 1878.

17 See. Vehbi Cem Askun, Sivas Congress, Istanbul, 1963, p.143.

18 See. Turhan Feyzioğlu, “Atatürk and Youth”, Kemalist Thought, Ankara, 1992, p.868.

19 Agm, p. 867, therefore, a great part of Atatürk's speeches during his country tours were addressed to Turkish youth. On the subject cf. Atatürk's Discourses and Statements V.II, çşt. p.

20 U. Kocaturk, agm, p.878.

21 Speech, p.301.

22 Yunus Nadi (Abalıoğlu), The First Days of Ankara, Flood spring., Istanbul, 1955, p.99.

23 Kocaturk, supra, p.489.

24 Ibid., 489.

25 Great Larousse, “National Sovereignty and Children's Day” art., C. XXIII, Milliyet spring., Istanbul, ty, p. 11935-11936.

26 Atatürk's Speeches and Statements, C.I1, pp.178-179.

27 Ibid., p. 179.

28 Ibid., V.1, p.247.

29 Ibid. p.268.

30 Years. C.II. S 173-182.

31 Moment Believe. Atatürk with his thoughts, Ankara. 1983. p.62-64.

32 See. Speech. p.9.

33 U. Kocaturk. ibid. p 398.

34 Mazhar Müfit Kansu, Together with Atatürk from Erzurum to His Death, CI, TTK spring.. Ankara, 1986. p.74.

35 Speech, pp.577-589.

36 U. Kocaturk, supra, p. 399.

37 Ibid., p.400.

38 Great Larousse, CV p.2506.

39 Atatürk's Speeches and Statements, C.I1, p.276.

M. Vehbi Tanfer